Environmental conditions and increased physical activity during scuba diving are followed by increased production of free radicals and disturbed redox balance. Redox balance disorder is associated with damage of cellular components, changes of cellular signaling pathways and alterations of gene expression. Oxidative stress leads to increased expression of sirtuins (SIRTs), molecules which play an important role in the antioxidant defense, due to their sensitivity to the changes in the redox status and their ability to regulate redox homeostasis. These facts make SIRTs interesting to be considered as molecules affected by scuba diving and in that sense, as potential biomarkers of oxidative status or possible drug targets in reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In addition, SIRTs effects through currently known targets make them intriguing molecules which can act positively on health in general and whose expression can be induced by scuba diving.A demanding physical activity, as well as other circumstances present in scuba diving, has the greatest load on the cardiovascular function (CV). The mechanisms of CV response during scuba diving are still unclear, but diving-induced oxidative stress and the increase in SIRTs expression could be an important factor in CV adaptation. This review summarizes current knowledge on scuba diving-induced oxidative and CV stress and describes the important roles of SIRTs in the (patho)physiological processes caused by the redox balance disorder.

En dot he li ns (ET) are a group of en do ge nous pep ti des, whi ch ha ve a stro ng and lo ng-las ti ng va so con stric ti ve eff e ct. Three iso for ms of en dot he li ns co ded by three diff e re nt ge nes ha ve been iden ti fi ed to da te. En dot he li n-1 (ET-1) is the mo st po te nt va so con stric ti ve age nt cur ren tly iden ti fi ed, and it was ori gi nal ly iso la ted and cha rac te ri zed from the cul tu re me dia of aor tic en dot he lial cel ls. Two ot her iso for ms, named en dot he li n-2 (ET-2) and en dot he li n-3 (ET-3), we re sub sequen tly iden ti fi ed, alo ng wi th struc tu ral ho mo lo gues iso la ted from the ve nom of Ac trac ta pis en gad den sis known as the sa ra fo toxi ns. The bio lo gi cal eff ec ts of en dot he lin pro duc tion are de ter mi ned via ac ti va tion of one or two G-pro tein coup led re cep to rs, en dot helin re cep to rs A (ETRA) and B (ET R B1 and ET R B2). Re cen tly en dot he lin re cep tor C (ETRC) was dis co ve red, howe ver, its fun ctio ns and dis tri bu tion sti ll re main un clear. The eff ec ts me dia ted by ET-1 via ETRA are va so con stric tion, bron cho con stric tion and sec re tion of al dos te ro ne. Ago nis ts re la ted to the ET R B1 ac ti va tion cau se va so di la ta tion by sti mu la ti ng NO, PGI2 and en dot he liu m-de ri ved hyper po la ri zi ng fac tor (EDHF). In con tra st, coup li ng to ET R B2 causes va so con stric tion. In vol ve me nt of ET has been de mon stra ted in the pat hop hysio lo gy of cer tain di sor de rs. In this re view, we dis cu ss the physio lo gi cal and pat hop hysio lo gi cal ro le of en dot he liu m-de ri ved ET-1, the phar ma co lo gy of its two re cep to rs, fo cu si ng on the ro le of ET-1 in the deve lop me nt of so me pat hop hysio lo gi cal con di tio ns. Key wor ds: en dot he lin 1; en dot he lin re cep tor; en dot he lin re cep tor an ta go ni st; en dot he lin con ver ti ng en zyme Review In tro duc tionEn dot he li ns we re fi r st iden ti fi ed in a pa per by Yanagisawa et al. as po te nt va soac ti ve pep ti des, regu la ti ng vas cu lar to ne, blood pres su re, ce ll pro li fera tion and hor mo ne pro duc tion (1). Di ver si ty in bio lo gi cal fun ction be ca me ra pid ly ap pa re nt wi th ma ny ot her ro les for the se pep ti des now des cribed (2,3). To date, three iso for ms of en dot he li ns (ET-1, ET-2 and ET-3) co ded by three diff e re nt genes ha ve been iden ti fi ed (2). The hu man ge ne for ET-1 is lo ca ted on chro mo so me 6, the ET-2 ge ne is on the fi r st chro mo so me, and ET-3 ge ne is on chromo so me 20 (2). The pla sma con cen tra tion of ET-1 in adul ts is nor mal ly be tween 0.4-8.1 pg/mL (4). Ea ch iso fo rm, howe ver, shows a tis sue type-depen de nt pat te rn of expres sion. ET-1 is wi de ly expres sed in en dot he lial cel ls, vas cu lar smoo th mus cles, cen tral ner vous system (CNS), and reproduc ti ve tis sues. Le ve ls of ET-2 are hi gh in the in testi ne and kid ney, whe reas ET-3 is main ly expres sed in the brain (5,6).En dot he lin bio synthe sis star ts fr...

Obtained results indicate that it is necessary to determine diagnostic accuracy of used dipstick in order to define purpose of urinalysis. It is very important to choose dipstick with ascorbic acid indicator and to examine ascorbic acid impact on dipstick analytes independently of manufacturer claims.

No abstract