The main objective of the controllers in photovoltaic systems (PV) is to ensure the maximum extraction of the available power. Those controllers usually combine the action of a maximum power point tracking algorithm (MPPT) with a voltage regulator, which has the function of rejecting disturbances at the panel terminals. Such controllers are commonly based on PI and PID structures, it requiring linearized models at an operating point. But, due to disturbances generated by the environment and the load, the operating point of the system changes drastically, which hinder to obtain the desired system performance. This paper proposes to regulate the PV system using a Fuzzy PID controller, which adapts to changes in solar irradiance and load oscillations. This characteristic guarantees a constant settling time, which is required to precisely define the period of the MPPT algorithm. In the case of classical linear controllers, the period of the MPPT algorithm is set to the worst case (longest period) which generates additional power losses by slowing down the tracking of the optimal operating point. Therefore, the solution proposed in this paper improves the overall system efficiency. Finally, such a solution is validated through simulations in Matlab®. KeywordsPhotovoltaic system; maximum power point; PID controller; ANFIS; Fuzzy. ResumenEl objetivo principal de controlar los sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV) es asegurar la máxima extracción de potencia disponible. Estos controladores usualmente combinan la acción de un algoritmo de seguimiento del punto de máxima potencia (MPPT) con un regulador de tensión, el cual tiene la función de rechazar las perturbaciones en los terminales del panel. Estos controladores se basan comúnmente en estructuras PI-PID que requieren modelos linealizados alrededor del punto de operación. Pero, debido a perturbaciones generadas por el ambiente y la carga, el punto de operación cambia drásticamente, lo que dificulta obtener el desempeño deseado. Este artículo propone regular el sistema PV utilizando un controlador Fuzzy-PID, el cual se adapta a los cambios de irradiancia solar y oscilaciones en la carga. Esta característica garantiza un tiempo de establecimiento constante, el cual se requiere para definir de forma precisa el periodo del algoritmo MPPT. En el caso de controladores lineales, el periodo del MPPT se fija en el peor caso (periodo más largo), lo cual genera pérdidas de potencia adicionales al disminuir la velocidad del seguimiento del punto de operación óptimo. La solución propuesta en este artículo mejora la eficiencia general del sistema. Finalmente, la solución se valida con simulaciones en Matlab®. Palabras claveSistema fotovoltaico; punto de máxima potencia; controlador PID; ANFIS; Fuzzy.Tecno. Lógicas., Edición Especial, octubre de 2013 [607]
This paper proposes a methodology for photovoltaic (PV) systems modeling, considering their behavior in both direct and reverse operating mode and considering mismatching conditions. The proposed methodology is based on the inflection points technique with a linear approximation to model the bypass diode and a simplified PV model. The proposed mathematical model allows to evaluate the energetic performance of a PV system, exhibiting short simulation times in large PV systems. In addition, this methodology allows to estimate the condition of the modules affected by the partial shading since it is possible to know the power dissipated due to its operation at the second quadrant. KeywordsPhotovoltaic systems; modeling; Reverse Mode Biased; Shaded PV Cells; Mismatched conditions; bypass diode. ResumenEste artículo propone una metodología para el modelado de sistemas fotovoltaicos, considerando su comportamiento tanto en el modo de operación directo como en modo inverso bajo condiciones no uniformes de irradiación. La metodología propuesta se basa en la técnica de puntos de inflexión con una aproximación lineal del modelo del diodo de bypass y un modelo simplificado del módulo fotovoltaico. El modelo matemático planteado permite evaluar el rendimiento energético de un sistema fotovoltaico, con tiempos cortos de simulación para arreglos de gran tamaño. Adicionalmente, esta metodología permite estimar el estado de los módulos afectados por el sombreo parcial ya que es posible conocer la potencia disipada debido a la operación en el segundo cuadrante. Palabras claveSistemas fotovoltaicos; modelado; modo inverso; condiciones no uniformes; diodo de bypass.Tecno. Lógicas., Edición Especial, octubre de 2013 [239]
Reconfiguración de paneles fotovoltaicos para reducción del consumo de hidrógeno en las celdas de combustible de sistemas híbridos
Processing electrical energy is one of the most important research fields in our society. So far, tremendous efforts have been made to improve the efficiency of each step in electrical systems: generation systems have been enhanced by introducing renewable energy sources and new control systems for conventional generators, losses have been reduced, the power quality of distribution and transmission systems has been increased, the life-time and state-of-health of energy storage devices have been extended, and sections of the power grid have been isolated for intelligent energy management.In this edition, were received submissions from Colombia, Venezuela and Denmark, and the acceptance rate was 41.2%. Moreover, the authors of these papers have an average h-index (Scopus) of 4, and some reach even higher values: 63, 19 and 15. Those statistics show the high-quality of the solutions reported in this special section. This Edition of the TecnoLógicas Journal is specially focused on recent Advances in Power and Energy Systems, and 10 out of the 14 articles in it report novel developments in power systems, renewable energy systems, energy storage systems, energy management, and smart grids. Such contributions address the previous topics, providing timely solutions to practical problems.In the first work, Island operation capability in the Colombian electrical market: a promising ancillary service of distributed energy resources, the authors analyze the islanded operation of a distributed generator to improve the reliability, security and flexibility of an electrical distribution system. In particular, the work presents the main problems and advantages of the islanded operation mode, which is complemented with an economic analysis of the reliability of the service that accounts for islanded operation capability. Such analysis concludes that operation by islands could reduce non-supplied energy by up to 50%.In turn, the study named Transmission network expansion planning considering weighted transmission loading relief nodal indexes proposes a solution for transmission network expansion planning integrating security constraints. Such solution takes into account both shift and power distribution factors by modeling the problem using weighted transmission loading relief indexes. One of the main features in that work is
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