O Sistema Estuarino de Santos (SES), localizado no sudoeste do Brasil, apresenta importância econômica estratégica para o país devido à presença do maior porto brasileiro e por ser uma das áreas mais industrializadas. Por outro lado, este ambiente é prejudicado pelas atividades industriais e de dragagem, que podem causar o aumento de poluentes ambientais e a biodisponibilidade de compostos potencialmente perigosos. Neste contexto, os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPA) foram avaliados em quinze estações de amostragem distribuídas ao longo do estuário. As concentrações de HPA foram analisadas em amostras de sedimentos superficiais e em tecidos de duas espécies bivalves (Crassostrea rhizophorae e Perna perna). Além disso, analisou-se a salinidade da coluna d'água, a matéria orgânica dos sedimentos e o tamanho dos grãos para verificar sua influência sobre o acúmulo de contaminantes. As concentrações totais de sedimentos HPA variaram entre N.D. e 1711,79 ng g-1 de peso seco (p.s.). Os níveis de hidrocarboneto bivalve variaram entre 88,38 e 988,76 ng g-1 (p.s.). As taxas de HPA calculadas revelaram que os compostos de HPA encontrados na área estudada têm origem petrogênica e pirolítica. Uma comparação das concentrações de HPA encontradas neste estudo com aquelas listadas nas diretrizes de qualidade de sedimentos (SQGs) indicou que os efeitos biológicos adversos sobre a biota são eventualmente esperados. Palavras-chave: Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos; Contaminação; Atividades Iindustriais.
Contaminant substances consist of chemical elements that present the potential to adversely impact the ecology of the environment, thus representing a threat to local fauna and flora. In this context, heavy metals are critical agents that, depending on the nature and level, are potentially toxic to living organisms. In order to evaluate the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the Santos estuary and to determine the potential influence of salinity gradient on the heavy metal bioconcentration, the present study measured the concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, and Zn in two bivalve species (Crassostrea rhizophorae and Perna Perna) sampled at different sites of Santos Bay, in the southeastern region of Brazil. Throughout the study, the “sentinel species” used were effective in bioaccumulating contaminants. In oysters, based on the Brazilian legislation, critical limits were exceeded for As, Zn, Cu, and Cr. In the case of mussels, on the other hand, only for As, Zn, and Cr, the critical limits were overcome. In the present study, obtained data suggested salinity as a determinant parameter in As incorporation processes of bivalve mollusks. Practitioner Points The present study presents important results for the development of environmental management policies in estuarine environments. The present study points out differences between different organisms as biomonitors, providing subsidies for the decision of an effective biomonitoring program. The present study discusses values of contaminants as a danger to public health in Santos Bay, which can be extrapolated to other similar environments around the world.
Durante a última década, o desenvolvimento sustentável tem sido encarado por diversas nações globais como a prática ideal a ser alcançada, sendo inclusive foco da ONU através de suas últimas deliberações (17 Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, de 2012 - ODS). A situação pós-pandemia do COVID-19 reforçou ainda mais a necessidade de políticas públicas que levem em consideração o equilíbrio ambiental mundial no que tange à gestão dos recursos ambientais, já em diversos casos, escassos. Neste cenário, a tecnologia continua a ser vista como um elemento-chave na transição para um modelo mais equilibrado. Por outro lado, as investidas internacionais para estimular a evolução dos países em desenvolvimento falharam em produzir resultados proporcionais às demandas. Além disso, o debate acadêmico se mostrou insatisfatório.
Understanding the dynamics and spatial variation of subaquatic sediment contamination in the Santos Estuarine System has been of interest to the scientific community and environmental managers; the hazardous contaminant compounds, either individually or synergistically, can affect the health of the local community. In the present study, water column salinity and sediment geochemical properties (calcium and organic matter content, grain size) of the Santos Estuarine System were correlated with heavy metal concentrations (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn and Fe) in order to elucidate the relationship between the toxic elements and the dynamics of water mixing. To assess the potential relationships, Spearman’s correlation test and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) between were applied. The heavy metal concentrations were also evaluated by calculating Contamination Factor, Geoaccumulation index and Enrichment Factor. Results revealed extremely heterogeneous particle sizes within the sampling stations. Most of the heavy metal concentrations were not at critical levels. The only exception was arsenic, which reached levels above the threshold effect. The statistical analysis allowed the influence of organic matter and grain size on the dynamics of heavy metal accumulation to be demonstrated. The values between these binding matrices and metals were mostly significant. Bottom water salinity, on the other hand, showed no apparent influence on the distribution of metals. However, the various pollution indices used were contradictory, with certain cases presenting critical results. The Geoaccumulation Index presented the Mn as highly polluting at all sampling stations and classified the environment as moderately polluted by Zn. The same pollution pattern was not found by the other contamination indexes.
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