Technological progress and the introduction of modern therapeutic methods are constantly changing contemporary orthodontics. More and more orthodontic patients are working adults, who expect satisfactory therapeutic effects as soon as possible, increasing the importance of methods accelerating tooth movement. The aim of this study was to review the current literature regarding methods of accelerating tooth movement and reducing the duration of the active phase of therapy. The literature was collected from the PubMed and EBSCO databases using "accelerated orthodontic tooth movement" as the search key words. The methods described were categorized as conservative and surgical. The pharmacological agents used in conservative treatment, such as growth hormone, parathyroid hormone, thyroxine, and vitamin D, are especially worth mentioning. They stimulate osteoclasts to increase resorption through a variety of mechanisms. Effective methods also include physical stimuli, e.g., vibrations or photobiomodulation. Most studies describing the effects of pharmacological agents were based on animal subjects and they may therefore lack clinical relevancy. Corticotomy and its modifications based on the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) might prove to be a useful augmentation of orthodontic treatment, especially in adults, including patients with periodontal disease.

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Normal development of physiological functions affects normal maturation of the whole stomatognathic system and articulation. A persistent infantile swallowing pattern is listed as one of factors responsible for malocclusions and speech problems. “Stereognosis” originates from neurology and indicates an ability to recognise objects only by touch. <b>Aim</b>. The aim of the paper was to compare a neuromotor ability of the tongue in patients with a persistent infantile swallowing pattern compared to patients with a mature swallowing pattern. Material and methods. The study included 620 patients aged between 4 and 13 years. All subjects were diagnosed for swallowing dysfunctions with a spatula for speech therapy and a visual assessment when they were swallowing saliva, and then divided into 3 groups: study group (children with malocclusions and tongue dysfunctions) – 290 patients; comparator group (children with malocclusions and without tongue dysfunctions) – 240 patients; control group (children without malocclusions or tongue dysfunctions) – 90 patients. Stereognostic tests were performed according to Koczorowski methods and included recognition of geometrical shapes of silicone moulders using one’s tongue and without vision. <b>Results</b>. A differential analysis was performed and the following factors were included: age, sex and malocclusion. There were statistically significant differences between individual groups namely the study and comparator groups, study and control groups, and between the comparator and control groups. Results obtained indicate that a tongue dysfunction is a factor impairing sensory and motor correlation in patients at the developmental age. <b>Conclusions</b>. Patients with malocclusions complicated by tongue dysfunctions have impaired stereognostic sensation in the oral cavity. Impaired oral perception in patients at the developmental age with an abnormal position and functions of the tongue requires interdisciplinary specialist orthodontic treatment and speech therapy. <b>(Osiewacz S, Strzecki A, Szczepańska J, Pawłowska E. Evaluation of a neuromotor ability of the tongue in patients at the developmental age using a stereognostic examination. Orthod Forum 2017; 13: 267-82).</b>

Complicated crown-root fractures are considered rare occurrences in young permanent dentition; however, they pose a particularly difficult clinical challenge, especially when the traumatized tooth is immature.Two cases of complicated crown-root fractures of immature incisors are presented. In both cases, vital root submergence with no treatment to the exposed pulp was introduced as a stage in a complex treatment plan with the primary goal of preserving the shape of the alveolar ridge in the traumatized area until the root was completely formed or facial growth was finished. No inflammatory symptoms were detected either radiographically or clinically during the 15-and 16-month follow-up periods. In the chosen clinical cases, vital root submergence followed by orthodontic space maintenance can be beneficial to young patients if other treatment options are limited by the depth of the crown-root fracture or if the patient suffers from high dental fear and presents a particularly low level of compliance.Key words: dental trauma, crown-root fracture, vital root submergence Słowa kluczowe: uraz zęba, złamanie koronowo-korzeniowe, pozostawienie zatopionego korzenia Clinical casesVital root submergence of immature permanent incisors after complicated crown-root fracture followed by orthodontic space maintenance: A presentation of two cases Pozostawienie "zatopionego" korzenia stałych siekaczy z niezakończonym rozwojem po ciężkim złamaniu koronowo-korzeniowym w celu ortodontycznego zachowania miejsca w łuku -opis dwóch przypadków