The assessment of ventilatory efficiency is critical to understanding the matching of ventilation (VE) and perfusion in the lungs during exercise. This study aimed to establish a causal physiological relationship between ventilatory efficiency and resistance exercise performance after beetroot juice (BJ) intake. Eleven well-trained males performed a resistance exercise test after drinking 140 mL of BJ (~12.8 mmol NO3−) or a placebo (PL). Ventilatory efficiency was assessed by the VE•VCO2−1 slope, the oxygen uptake efficiency slope and the partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2). The two experimental conditions were controlled using a randomized, double-blind crossover design. The resistance exercise test involved repeating the same routine twice, which consisted of wall ball shots plus a full squat (FS) with a 3 min rest or without a rest between the two exercises. A higher weight lifted was detected in the FS exercise after BJ intake compared with the PL during the first routine (p = 0.004). BJ improved the VE•VCO2−1 slope and the PetCO2 during the FS exercise in the first routine and at rest (p < 0.05). BJ intake improved the VE•VCO2−1 slope and the PetCO2 coinciding with the resistance exercise performance. The ergogenic effect of BJ could be induced under aerobic conditions at rest.
The playing court shall have a flat, hard surface free from obstructions (Diagram 1) with dimensions of 28 m in length by 15 m in width measured from the inner edge of the boundary line. 2.2. Backcourt A team's backcourt consists of its team's own basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that part of the playing court limited by the endline behind its own basket, the sidelines and the centre line. 2.3. Frontcourt A team's frontcourt consists of the opponents' basket, the inbounds part of the backboard and that part of the playing court limited by the endline behind the opponents' basket, the sidelines and the inner edge of the centre line nearest to the opponents' basket. 2.4. Lines All lines shall be of the same colour and drawn in white or other contrasting colour, 5 cm in width and clearly visible. 2.4.1. Boundary line The playing court shall be limited by the boundary line, consisting of the endlines and the sidelines. These lines are not part of the playing court. Any obstruction including seated coaches, assistant coaches, substitutes, excluded players and accompanying delegation members shall be at least 2 m from the playing court. 2.4.2. Centre line, centre circle and free-throw semicircles
The aim of the present study was to determine, for the first time in elite women’s wheelchair basketball, the differences in the initial maximum push-rim propulsion (IMPRP), mechanical outputs, and sprint performance between A category (≤2.5 class) and B category (≥3 class) players. A secondary aim was to assess the association between IMPRP mechanical outputs and sprint performance to determine the influence of specific strength in the latter. Sixteen Spanish women’s wheelchair basketball players participated in this study: A category (n = 9, International Wheelchair Basketball Federation [IWBF] classification range: 1–2.5 points) and B category (n = 7, IWBF classification range: 3–4.5 points). All the players undertook 2 tests: the IMPRP test to measure the strength variables and the 3-, 5-, and 12-m sprint test. B category players reported significantly better performance values in almost all the IMPRP variables and all the sprint distances than A category players. Large to very large significant correlations were observed among IMPRP absolute mechanical outputs (excepting mean power) and sprint performance (3, 5, and 12 m) for all the participants. When the group was divided according to categories A and B, the significant differences observed in the whole group decreased in both groups, although some relationships were large or very large. The IMPRP test and sprint test (3, 5, and 12 m) seemed to be sensitive to differentiate the level between the 2 functional categories. In addition, there was a high association between strength and sprint variables, which shows that greater strength could improve sprint capacity.
García-Fresneda, A, Carmona, G, Padullés, X, Nuell, S, Padullés, JM, Cadefau, JA, and Iturricastillo, A. Initial maximum push-rim propulsion and sprint performance in elite wheelchair rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 33(3): 857–865, 2019—Wheelchair rugby (WR) is an increasingly popular Paralympic sport; however, the evidence base supporting the validity and reliability of field tests to assess the physical condition of WR players is in its infancy. Therefore, here, we aimed to evaluate the intrasession reliability of the initial maximum push-rim propulsion (IMPRP) test and the sprint test, and to determine the relationships between IMPRP mechanical outputs and sprint performance variables. We studied 16 Spanish WR players (aged 33 ± 9 years). The maximum single wheelchair push from a stationary position and the sprint performance (i.e., times for 3, 5, and 12 m, and the maximum velocity) of elite WR players were measured in this study. The intraclass correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation, and standard error of measurement for IMPRP variables were >0.85, <10.6%, and <16.76, respectively; the corresponding values for a linear sprint were >0.97, <3.50%, and <0.15. In relation to IMPRP mechanical outputs (i.e., acceleration, maximum acceleration, force, maximum force, power, and maximum power) and sprint performance (i.e., times for 3, 5, and 12 m, and the maximum velocity), significant and large associations were observed in the WR players (r ± confidence limit = −0.78 ± 0.17 to −0.90 ± 0.11; 0/0/100, most likely; R 2 = 0.613–0.812; p < 0.001). These tests provide simple and reliable methods for obtaining accurate mechanical pushing capacities and sprint performances of WR competitors (the 61.4–80.1% variance in sprint performance was explained by the IMPRP variables). These relationships indicate a need to implement specific strength exercises in WR players with the aim of improving the IMPRP and therefore improving sprint capacity.
Antecedentes: esta investigación pretendía crear un instrumento de observación para estudiar las acciones del baloncesto en silla de ruedas (BSR) en función de la clasificación funcional de este deporte, así como evaluar sus propiedades psicométricas de validez y fiabilidad. Metodología: utilizando la metodología observacional, se elaboró un instrumento de observación ad hoc (SOCTOD-BSR) mediante la observación y el registro de 34 criterios y 216 categorías identificados como factores de rendimiento. Para registrar y codificar las unidades de observación, se empleó el software LINCE® v.1.4, mientras que, para recodificar los datos, se utilizó LibreOffice v.6.1.1. Se analizaron nueve partidos del Campeonato del Mundo 2014 de BSR, derivándose un total de 1800 unidades de observación en las que se determinaron los comportamientos tácticos ofensivos y defensivos. La validación de contenido se basó en el juicio de expertos y se aceptaron los valores de V de Aiken ≥ .70 con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Para el cálculo de la fiabilidad se aplicó la teoría de la generalizabilidad y el coeficiente Kappa de Cohen. Resultados: se obtuvo un coeficiente V de Aiken de .81 para la validez de contenido por criterio de jueces. La fiabilidad fue excelente, con coeficientes relativos a la heterogeneidad del instrumento y de las pruebas inter e intraobservador de 1 y .98, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el instrumento de observación es válido y fiable para analizar acciones de BSR. Palabras clave: propiedades psicométricas, metodología observacional, clasificación funcional, formaciones, paradeporte. Abstract. Background: this study aimed to develop an observational tool for analyzing wheelchair basketball (WB) actions based on the sport’s functional classification, while also assessing its validity and reliability psychometric properties. Methods: utilizing observational methodology, an ad hoc observation instrument (SOCTOD-BSR) was created by observing and documenting 34 criteria and 217 categories identified as performance factors. LINCE® v.1.4 software was employed for recording and encoding observation units, and data recoding was conducted with LibreOffice v.6.1.1. Nine games from the 2014 WB World Championship were analyzed, resulting in a total of 1800 observation units where offensive and defensive tactical behaviors were determined. Content validity was established through expert judgment, and Aiken’s V values ≥ .70 with a 95% confidence interval were accepted. Generalizability theory and Cohen’s Kappa coefficient were applied to calculate reliability. Results: concerning content validity based on judges’ criteria, an Aiken's V coefficient of .81 was achieved. Reliability was excellent, with coefficients for instrument heterogeneity, and inter- and intra-observer tests at 1 and .98, respectively. Conclusions: the observation instrument is valid and reliable for analyzing WB actions. Keywords: psychometric properties, observational methodology, functional classification, line-up formations, parasport.
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