Efecto del fotoperiodo y la razón camarón:macroalga en la remoción de nitrógeno amoniacal total por Gracilaria vermiculophylla, en cultivo con Litopenaeus vannamei, sin recambio de agua ), N-NO 2 (0.145 ± 0.29 mg L -1 ) y N-NO 3 (3.13 ± 0.73 mg L -1 ) were registered in the biomass rate of 1:8. The highest growth rates of the macroalgae (3.07 ± 1.44% day -1 ) were recorded with 24:00 h photoperiod and biomass ratio 1:8. The highest rate of N incorporation (0.31 ± 0.12 mg N L -1 ) of the macroalgae occurred under the same conditions. Shrimp growth was similar to data reported in traditional recirculation systems. The integration of G. vermiculophylla without water exchange system was able to maintain the TAN and N-NO 2 under levels conditions for the growth of L. vannamei.
Cyanophytes are the most ancient photosynthetic organisms. During its evolution, they have developed various ecophysiological adaptation strategies to survive in extreme conditions. The environment prevailing under biofloc cultures provides various conditions appropriate for cyanobacterial proliferation. An outdoor experiment (7 weeks) was performed with a simple random design consisting of four inoculation levels (by triplicate) of Oscillatoria sp. (0.0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 mg L À1 ) in saltwater biofloc. The objective was to evaluate the effect of the cyanobacteria inoculation on water quality and tilapia production parameters. The results indicated that the amount of Oscillatoria sp. inoculated significantly affected water quality (pH, chlorophyll a, TSS and NO 3 -N) and tilapia parameters (final weight, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and survival). No significant effects on dissolved oxygen, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) or NO 2 -N were observed. We recommend identifying the cyanobacteria species that are able to grow in a biofloc system and their possible adverse effects on the system.
The effluents of traditional shrimp monoculture cause pollution and promote eutrophication and hypernutrification of the receiving coastal ecosystems. Integrated aquaculture and a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) have been proposed as an alternative to address these problems. In this study, we developed a dynamic model to simulate the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), nitrite, and nitrate in an integrated culture of whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, and seaweed, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, in a recirculating and zero water exchange system, and the effect of nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria was also included. The experiments demonstrated that a dynamic model can explain the concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and variations in these concentrations over time in the integrated culture. The results also suggest that nitrifying and heterotrophic bacteria play an important role in the transformation of dissolved nitrogenous compounds; therefore, these bacteria should be considered within the dynamics of nitrogen in integrated systems with low water exchange.
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