This study presents and tests an empirical model of the antecedents and outcomes associated with secular pilgrimage from a consumer perspective. Informed by the literature on spiritual journeys, religious and secular pilgrimage, consumer literature on personal values, emotions, customer satisfaction and recommendation behaviour, the study proposes that personal values of pilgrims positively affect their motives to partake in the spiritual journey of a secular pilgrimage. Pilgrimage motives positively affect pilgrim satisfaction directly, as well as indirectly through emotions associated with the spiritual pilgrimage experience. Pilgrim satisfaction is also positively affected by attributes of the pilgrimage site and results in an intention to recommend to family, friends and others. The model was tested on a paired sample of visitors attending the pilgrimage site of Gallipoli in Turkey for the annual commemoration of the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps (Anzac) Day. The study results show statistical support for all hypothesized relationships in the theoretical model. Findings of this study contribute an improved understanding of the role of consumer values, motivations and emotions to undertake spiritual journeys to pilgrimage sites and their satisfaction with the spiritual experience of a secular pilgrimage and the resultant recommending behaviour.
Background Effective migration often requires supports for new arrivals, referred to as settlement services. Settlement services literacy (SSL) is key to ensuring new migrants have the capability to access and utilise the information and services designed to support the resettlement process and achieve positive settlement outcomes. To date, however, no research has sought to empirically validate measures of SSL or to assess individual migrants’ levels of SSL. The aim of this study was to establish the psychometric properties of constructs from the conceptual SSL framework. Design Using a snowball sampling approach, trained multilingual research assistants collected data on 653 participants. The total sample was randomly divided into two split-half samples: one for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA; N = 324) and the other for the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; N = 329) and scale validation. The final SSL scale included 30 questions. The full data set was used to test the nomological validity of the scale regarding whether the components of SSL impact on migrants’ level of acculturative stress. Results The EFA yielded five factors: knowledge (eight items, α = 0.88), empowerment (five items, α = 0.89), competence (four items, α = 0.86), community influence (four items, α = 0.82), and political (two items, α = 0.81). In the CFA, the initial model demonstrated a poor to marginal fit model. Its re-specification by examining modification indices resulted in a good model fit: CMIN/DF = 3.07, comparative fit index = 0.92, root mean square error of approximation = 0.08 and standardised root mean square residual = 0.07, which are consistent with recommendations. All the path coefficients between the second-order construct (SSL) and its five dimensions (knowledge, empowerment, competence, community influence and political) were significant at an α = .05 level, giving evidence for the validity of different SSL dimensions. We found that SSL is significantly related to migrants’ acculturative stress (β = - 0.39, p < 0.05) in the nomological model. Conclusions The study provides evidence of the construct validity and reliability of the SSL tool. It provides the basis for integrating the measures of SSL into evaluation of settlement services. This will allow for more effective decision-making in designing and implementing settlement services as well as funding and service agreements to address any deficiencies.
Migrants’ access and effective utilisation of settlement services depend on their level of settlement service literacy (SSL). However, SSL is multi-dimensional in nature and has many facets that are influenced by demographic and migration-related factors. Identifying factors that drive various components of SSL, and thus allowing for more focused development of specific dimensions, is critical. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between components of SSL and migration-related and migrants’ demographic factors. Using a snowball sampling approach, trained multilingual research assistants collected data on 653 participants. Data were collected using face-to-face or online (phone and via video platforms such as Zoom and Skype) surveys. Our findings suggest that demographic and migration-related factors explained 32% of the variance in overall SSL; and 17%, 23%, 44%, 8%, 10% of the variance in knowledge, empowerment, competence, community influence, and political components of SSL respectively. SSL was positively associated with pre-migration and post-migration educational attainment, being employed in Australia, being a refugee, coming from the sub-Saharan region but negatively associated with age and coming from the East Asia and Pacific region. Across SSL dimensions, post-migration education was the only factor positively associated with the overall SSL and all SSL dimensions (except the political dimension). Employment status in Australia was also positively associated with competency and empowerment, but not other dimensions. Affiliating with a religion other than Christianity or Islam was negatively associated with knowledge and empowerment whilst being a refugee was positively associated with knowledge. Age was negatively associated with the empowerment and competency dimensions. The study provides evidence of the importance of some pre- and post-migration factors that can assist in developing targeted initiatives to enhance migrants’ SSL. Identifying factors that drive various components of SSL will allow for more focused development of specific dimensions and therefore is critical.
Wanawisata ini tergolong masih baru akan tetapi memiliki berbagai daya tarik yang menarik. Aneka daya tarik tersebut tentunya sangat menarik minat wisatawan untuk pergi berkunjung. Akan tetapi, terdapat berbagai permasalahan pada aset fisik dan fasilitas wanawisata yang berpengaruh pada kepuasan wisatawan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kinerja aset fisik Wanawisata Bukit Senyum Burangrang Selatan berdasarkan tingkat daya tarik, infrastruktur, dan aksesibilitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada studi kasus ini adalah metode deskriptif. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa observasi ilmiah, wawancara, kuesioner, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa kinerja aset fisik belum optimal karena terdapat aset yang rusak berat, tidak memenuhi standar, dan belum tersedia.
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