In recent years, aquaculture has dramatically increased concomitant with the global demand for aquatic species (Dawood et al., 2020), with fish feed being the greatest single cost item in aquaculture, accounting for approximately 50% of the total operating costs in intensively reared fish (Ayyat et al., 2021). The increasing demand for fish meal and soybean meal, which are used as protein sources in aquatic feed, as well as the market price increases and fluctuations have caused the aquaculture industry to seek sustainable and costeffective alternative feed ingredients (
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