Herbal therapy has long been used to treat and control human diseases including mouth diseases and disorders. Also, it can minimize the potential side effects of chemical drugs. However, may be a side effects appear from plants or herbs therapy. Most of the challenges with herbal therapy revolves around inadequate information about the effect of herbs in the mouth, the mechanism of action, and potential side effects. There are several herbs and plants described in this paper that have anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-disorders and anti-inflammatory in oral cavity. It includes 31 medicinal plants and herbs: Alakata pepper, Aloe vera, Airy shaw, Banana plant, Bird eye view, Bitter leaves, Bush pepper, Camelina, Cashew nut, Castor, Cinnamon, Clove, Common coleus, Common wire weed, Cypress, Fennel, Garcinia, Garden eggplant, Garlic, Ginger, Holy basil, Maca, Mint, Mexican tea, Neem, Okra, Onion, Orange fruits, Purple coneflower, Sunset shrub and Turmeric that act as alternative management option to current treatments for oral conditions such as caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, oral ulcers. In addition to, inflammation treatment after extraction, reduction dry mouth, pain, anesthesia, ill-fitting dentures. The current review of literature provides a summary of secondary metabolites most commonly used medicinal herbs and plants in maintaining oral health. They can be used in different forms such as mouthwashes, toothpastes, topical agents or local drug delivery devices. These findings show the role of antioxidant secondary metabolites in inhibiting the growth of oral pathogens and reducing oral diseases and mouth disorders.
We study the impact of (MnO2–ZrO2) nanoparticles on optical properties of (PVA) polymer. Several samples were produced with different weight ratios of (MnO2–ZrO2) nanoparticles. To prepare the selected samples, the casting method is used. To record the absorption spectrum, wavelengths of 200–1100 nm are applied. We have determined the absorption coefficient, energy gap for indirect transitions (forbidden and allowed), optical constants (such as the dielectric constant with its imaginary and real parts, refractive index, and attenuation coefficient), and optical conductivity. The results indicate that there is a proportional relationship between the optical constants and the concentration of (MnO2–ZrO2) nanoparticles, which means that an increase of the concentration of (MnO2–ZrO2) nanoparticles leads to an increase of the optical constants, while the transmission decreases. Additionally, the optical energy gap decreases from 4.83 eV to 3.4 eV and from 4.65 eV to 3.28 eV with increasing the concentration of (MnO2–ZrO2) nanoparticles for allowed and forbidden indirect transitions, respectively. These results can be considered as key ones for the use of (PVA-MnO2–ZrO2) nanocomposites in various fields such as optoelectronics and photonics.
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