Review is made of the positive features and the current limitations associated with the use of hydrogen as a spark ignition engine fuel. It is shown that hydrogen has excellent prospects to achieve very satisfactory performance in engine applications that may be superior in many aspects to those with conventional fuels. A number of design and operational changes needed to effect the full potential of hydrogen as an engine fuel is outlined. The question whether hydrogen can be manufactured abundantly and economically will remain the limiting factor to its widespread use as an S.I. engine fuel in the future
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative
disorder. In this study, PD was induced via (ip) injection of haloperidol
(1 mg/kg/day). Animals were divided into seven groups (n = 70). Group I received the vehicle carboxymethylcellulose (CMC;
0.5%), group II was treated with designated 1 mg/kg haloperidol, and
group III received the standard drug Sinemet (100 mg/kg), while groups
IV–VII received a tocopherol derivative (Toco-D) at dose levels
of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg, respectively, via the oral route. All
groups received haloperidol for 23 consecutive days after their treatments
except the control group. The improvement in locomotor activity and
motor coordination was evaluated by using behavioral tests. Oxidative
stress markers, neurotransmitters, and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B)
as well as NF-κB levels in the whole brain were measured. mRNA
expression analysis of α-synuclein was carried out using the
PCR technique. Toco-D at 20 mg/kg showed the maximum improvement in
locomotor activity. The levels of antioxidant enzymes and neurotransmitters
were also increased by the treatment with Toco-D. Inflammatory cytokine
levels and mRNA expression of α-synuclein were decreased by
Toco-D in treated animals. This study concluded that Toco-D might
be effective in the improvement of locomotor activity and motor coordination
in haloperidol-induced PD.
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