ObjectiveAnticonvulsants are increasingly being used in the symptomatic management of several neuropathic pain disorders. The present observational study was designed to evaluate the efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life (QoL) of carbamazepine use for 12 weeks in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy, in Pakistan.MethodsThis was a 12-week, multicenter, open-label, uncontrolled trial in adult type 2 diabetic patients (aged 18–65 years) suffering from clinically confirmed neuropathic pain (Douleur Neuropathique en 4 [DN4] score ≥4). Change in neuropathic pain at week 12 compared with baseline was assessed using the Brief Pain Inventory Scale–Short Form (pain severity score and pain interference score). QoL was determined by the American Chronic Pain Association QoL scale. Safety was assessed based on patient reported adverse events (AEs) and serious AEs.ResultsOf the total 500 screened patients, 452 enrolled and completed the study. The mean (± standard deviation [SD]) pain interference score decreased from 4.5±2.0 at baseline to 3.1±1.9 at week 12 (P<0.001). The mean (± SD) pain severity score decreased from 5.8±2.0 at baseline to 3.6±2.2 at week 12 (P<0.001). There was a decrease of ≥30% in the pain severity score between visits. The mean (± SD) QoL scale score improved from 5.9±1.6 at baseline to 8.0±1.7 at week 12. A total of ten (2.2%) patients reported AEs during the study period. No patient discontinued the study due to AEs.ConclusionIn this real-life experience study, carbamazepine, when prescribed for 12 weeks to adult diabetic patients suffering from neuropathic pain, showed pain-relief effect, with reduced mean pain severity and mean pain interference scores and with improved QoL and good tolerability profile.
Asynchronous systems are native to a full custom domain. Their implementation using auto place-and-route tools requires dynamic calibration of interconnects delays in addition to the placement of predefined static delay elements. This paper presents a completion detector for a single-rail bit encoded datapath that, as an adaptive-delay element, eliminates the need to insert any predefined delay element and caters to routing delays dynamically. A programmable pulse-generator is also proposed that empowers the designers to generate clock signals based on the timing report obtained from the CAD tool to drive various synchronous subsystems and embedded resources like BRAMs in FPGAs. Employing these components, we present an asynchronous pipeline model with implicit control to expedite migration from the traditional synchronous pipelines to their asynchronous counterparts. A single-rail bit encoded datapath has been used to utilize chip area effectively instead of a delay-insensitive dual-rail datapath, and a two-phase handshake protocol has been adopted as opposed to a four-phase handshake protocol to lower handshaking overhead. A RISC processor validates the proposed asynchronous pipeline model, exhibiting a smooth functionality and power-delay parameter comparable to that of a synchronous pipeline, in addition to ease of routing and avoiding clock skews in a complex system-on-chip.
Background: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) was thought to be effective on physiological parameters. Aim: To determine the effects of high-intensity interval training on lipid profile and other physiological parameters predominantly in men. Study design: Retrospective observational study Place and duration of study: United Medical & Dental College Karachi from 1st August 2021 to 31st January 2022. Methodology: One hundred and twenty six male subjects, either healthy or those with comorbid conditions like HTN and Type 2 DM, aged 20 to 70 years, and weighing ≥50 kg, were included. The subjects were required to complete pre and post-testing, which consisted of measures of body weight, blood glucose, lipid profile, serum glutamic pyruvic transferase (SGPT) and serum uric acid which were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after HIIT. Result: The mean age was 47.66±7.52 years. Body weight, blood glucose, SGPT and lipid profile significantly improved after HIIT training (p<0.05), while there was only a mean decline of 0.20±1.33 mg/dL (p=0.081) in the serum uric acid after HIIT. Conclusion: It was observed that 12 weeks with HIIT showed a significant change in blood glucose and lipid profile levels, indicating that HIIT might help reduce cardiovascular risk. Keywords: High-intensity interval training, Lipid profile, Glucose, Body weight, Cardiovascular risk factors
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