Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a powerful method to quantify impacts based on material input in the process production. The results of midpoint impact analysis categories vary from global warming potential to water footprint. In addition, endpoint impact analysis also provides quantitative results of general environmental impact assessment which is possible to be written as additional results and a deeper analysis in Government or Company Environmental Report. There are many types of software that can be used for impact analysis, for example, SimaPro, OpenLCA, Gabi, Umberto, etc. In this study we analyze the difference of impact assessment result using Simapro and OpenLCA with same material input data and similar database. The results of the environmental impact analysis using the CML-IA baseline V3.05 / EU25 method in the SimaPro software after normalization are as follows: global warning impact contribution 0.0206, ozone layer depletion 0.0002, acidification 0.0016, and eutrophication 0.0134. Meanwhile, the analysis results from OpenLCA software after normalization are: global warming impact contribution 4,5071 × 10−13, ozone depletion 1,0794 × 10−14, acidification 3,2878 × 10−13, and eutrophication 8,4541 × 10−13.
Background: Diarrhea remains a common infectious disease caused by various risk factors in developing countries. This study investigated the incidence rate and temporal associations between diarrhea and meteorological determinants in five regions of Surabaya, Indonesia. Method: Monthly diarrhea records from local governmental health facilities in Surabaya and monthly means of weather variables, including average temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity from Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency were collected from January 2018 to September 2020. The generalized additive model was employed to quantify the time lag association between diarrhea risk and extremely low (5th percentile) and high (95th percentile) monthly weather variations in the north, central, west, south, and east regions of Surabaya (lag of 0–2 months). Result: The average incidence rate for diarrhea was 11.4 per 100,000 during the study period, with a higher incidence during rainy season (November to March) and in East Surabaya. This study showed that the weather condition with the lowest diarrhea risks varied with the region. The diarrhea risks were associated with extremely low and high temperatures, with the highest RR of 5.39 (95% CI 4.61, 6.17) in the east region, with 1 month of lag time following the extreme temperatures. Extremely low relative humidity increased the diarrhea risks in some regions of Surabaya, with the highest risk in the west region at lag 0 (RR = 2.13 (95% CI 1.79, 2.47)). Extremely high precipitation significantly affects the risk of diarrhea in the central region, at 0 months of lag time, with an RR of 3.05 (95% CI 2.09, 4.01). Conclusion: This study identified a high incidence of diarrhea in the rainy season and in the deficient developed regions of Surabaya, providing evidence that weather magnifies the adverse effects of inadequate environmental sanitation. This study suggests the local environmental and health sectors codevelop a weather-based early warning system and improve local sanitation practices as prevention measures in response to increasing risks of infectious diseases.
Oil and gas are strategic, non-renewable natural resources and are vital commodities. It is explained that upstream business activities are business activities that are cored or rely on exploration and exploitation. While downstream business activities are business activities whose core are in processing, transportation, storage and/or commercial business activities. At present, 68% of the world’s energy needs are derived from fossil fuels. Fossil fuels that are often used include coal, petroleum and natural gas. The results of the 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) study showed that the concentration of CO2 gas in the pre-industrial period amounted to 278 ppm, while in 2005 it was 379 ppm. The consequences of this change are rising global temperatures by 0.74°C, and there has also been a sea-level rise of 0.17 m, then there has also been a 7% reduction in snow cover in the northern hemisphere and rivers experience slower freeze. The contribution of greenhouse gas emissions from the oil and gas sector is expected to increase from 122 metric tons (Mt) of CO2 in 2005 to 137 metric tons (Mt) of CO2 in 2030. Emissions produced by crude oil exploration in 2015 amounted to 48,947.35 tonnes of CO2e and increased in 2016 amounting to 232,950.30 CO2e. Therefore, an LCA study is needed as a solution to reduce the emissions of greenhouse gases CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx and SOx at a company in East Java. The purpose of this study is to determine the environmental impacts generated by crude oil exploration. The emission data of CO2, CH4, N2O, NOx and SOx, mass balance, the amount of raw materials, fuels used and emissions produced in each of the main process units and supporting units, as well as data on the amount of products produced from petroleum production activities in one company in East Java, are used to determine the impact on the environment that would arise through the stages of LCA analysis using the Eco Indicator 99 method in the SimaPro 8.5.2 software. The results obtained from this study revealed that the process which has the highest impact value on the environment is the process of producing oil in the PV-9900 separator unit, with an impact value of 12620 MPt and the value of each category of damage was 4,76 × 1011 MJ surplus for the “resources” category, 0,00118 DALY for the “human health” category and 0,0847 PDF⋅m2⋅year for “ecosystem quality” category.
The rapid development in Indonesia has caused cement production to be directly proportional to its needs. The cement industry produces commercial cement for domestic development needs. Cement is made by means of a series of exploitation and production processes that involve the main process and supporting processes in its activities. To be able to produce cement, it requires raw materials, fuel and chemical additives, and these activities produce emissions that have an impact of decreasing environmental quality. The gas emissions produced are CO2, CH4, NOx, SOx, N2O and particulate. These emissions have an impact of increasing global warming and decreasing ambient air quality which has an impact on human health and the environment. This study identifies the impact of the main process based on the cradle-to-gate approach, starting from the process of exploitation of raw materials to the production process that produces cement as the main product. Impact identification was done using the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method with the SimaPro 8.5.2 application. The Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) categories include global warming potential for 100 years, acidification, and carcinogens. The method used was TRACI, a midpoint approach. Results after normalization show that the highest impacts generated were global warming from kiln process (353,473); acidification from kiln process (95,273), and carcinogens from raw mill process (4,837,721).
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