Abstract:In this paper, a novel Static Learning (SL) strategy to adaptively vary swarm size has been proposed and integrated with Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm. Besides, the whole population has been divided into two sub swarms, where particles of different sub swarms interact within their neighbourhood and the existence of better particle is determined by evaluating its survival probability. Proper resource based particle replacement scheme and a linear chaotic term has also been included to ensure preservation of diversity of the swarm. In addition, the PSO algorithm is divided into two phases, with relevant algorithmic modification for each phase. The first phase is assigned to focus solely on better exploration of the search space. The second phase focuses on better utilization of the explored information. The proposed Static Learning Particle Swarm Optimization with Enhanced Exploration and Exploitation using Adaptive Swarm Size (SLPSO) algorithm is tested on a set of shifted and rotated benchmark problems and compared with six other recent state-of-the-art PSO algorithms. The proposed (SLPSO) algorithm demonstrates superior performance over other PSO variants.
Introduction A morphometric analysis of convex and concave pedicles in scoliotic spines depends on the three-dimensional reconstructions of the spine. As the standard of care relies on two-dimensional X-rays, there have been few reports on this topic and an underestimation of the morphological irregularities. We present our data of AIS patients who underwent HRCT as part of the preoperative planning for robotic-guided corrective surgery. Material and Methods A retrospective study of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients indicated for corrective surgery at our center. All patients underwent a CT scan with 1-mm slice thickness as part of their preoperative planning. The morphometric parameters documented were: transverse pedicle width, pedicle angle and maximum chord length in both convex and concave sides of the curve and were analyzed in the software (Renaissance) used for robotic guidance. Results We reviewed charts of 23 patients with an average age of 14.9 years. Average Cobb angles of the major curve measured 48.4° (Range 27.7° to 82.8°). There were 7 type 5 Lenke curves, 6 type 3 and type 1, and 4 cases of type 6. On the concave side 247 pedicles were measured, of which 104 (42%) were hypoplastic (i.e., transverse pedicle width <4 mm). Of the 249 convex pedicles measured, 74 (30%) were hypoplastic (p < 0.005). Mean concave pedicle angle was 15.6 ± 3.8° and maximum chord length was 40.9 ± 7.1 mm, while the convex pedicle angle was 16.1 ± 3.9° (p = 0.22) and maximum chord length was 40.8 ± 6.4 mm (p = 0.82). Conclusion Knowledge of patient-specific anatomical variances is critical when instrumenting scoliotic vertebrae. Based on our findings, despite the patient's added exposure to radiation, we advocate the use of CT-based preoperative planning to maximize safety of the instrumentation and emphasize the importance of Surgeon familiarity with patient specific anatomic variances in instrumentation of scoliotic vertebrae.
Human pose estimation in 3D from monocular images is a challenging inverse problem due to ambiguity in lifting 2D projection to 3D space. In this article we have made three contributions in order to solve 3D pose estimation. First, a new DNN architecture is proposed to generate multiple feasible 3D pose hypotheses from a given image. Second, we generate weights for the proposed hypotheses using ordinal supervision. These weights are used to predict the final 3D pose from the generated hypotheses. Finally, we report a new regularizer to enforce that the predicted skeleton is consistent with the restriction of anthropomorphic constraints. We compare the results of our algorithm with other state-of-the art approaches on the Human 3.6m benchmark dataset. Our algorithm reports competitive results.
Introduction With the high prevalence of tuberculous spondylodiscitis in India and the tendency to label all spondylodiscitis astuberculous, it is prudent to have a high index of suspicion for non tuberculous infections and treat them accordingly. With the concern on the usage of metal implants in the infected spine, we study the safety and efficacy of debridement and stabilization with metal implants in infective spondylodiscitis. Material and Methods Patient records and radiographs of 34 patients of non tuberculous spondylodiscitis who were operated between 2003 and 2013, were reviewed. All the patients were managed with debridement of the infected segment, reconstruction and stabilization of the spine using titanium pedicle screws with interbody spacers. Clinico-radiological follow up was done at 1, 3, 6 and then yearly thereafter. Results 34 patients (M:23, F:11) with an average age of 48 years (20–68yrs)operated between 2003 and 2013. Low back pain with left radiculopathy for an average duration of 4 months (1–12months) was the most common presentation. Neurological involvement was seen in 12 patients (Foot drop- 8, Paraparesis-2 and Sensory deficits - 2). The pathology was monosegmental in 27 patients (L5-S1:10, L4–5:13, L3–4:2, L2–3:2). The infection was hematogenous in 18, post surgery (discectomy/laminectomy) in 15 and post UTI in 1 patient. The surgical isolates were mainly Staphylococcus aureus-17, E.coli and Gram negative bacilli-7, MRSA-5, Pseudomonas-1 and Fungal-4. 28 patients underwent posterior procedure, 1 anterior alone and 5 underwent combined anterior and posterior procedures. All the patients had appropriate antimicrobial therapy and mobilized as early as tolerated. All patients had excellent to good functional results and no evidence of infection at average follow-up of 72 months (27–130 months). ODI and Kirkaldy-Willis criteria showed significant improvement of function postoperatively. All the blood parameters were normalized in 3 months. 1 patient had dural tear which was repaired peroperatively without sequelae, 2 cases required wound exploration and lavage. No other major complications were encountered. All cases showed radiological fusion and no evidence of metal related complications at the latest followup. Conclusion Thorough debridement of necrotic material creates a good vascularised environment and restoring stability compromised by either infection or prior surgery helps in healing process and reduces morbidity of patients, with early return to normal activity. The use of metal implants is safe and efficacious even in the presence of infection.
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