BACKGROUND Trauma is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the Indian Population. OBJECTIVE To evaluate and describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients with traumatic brain injury and their clinical outcomes following admission to a rural tertiary care teaching hospital in India. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, cross-sectional, hospital based analysis of 1713 patients of Traumatic Brain Injury [TBI] admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery in a tertiary health centre in Jaipur from January 2014 to August 2015. METHOD The medical records of all eligible patients were reviewed and data collected on age, sex, mechanism of injury, severity of injury Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Outcome (GOS) score, Computed Tomography (CT) scan results, modality of management and type of surgical intervention and outcome. RESULTS Among the 1713 patients admitted, age of patients varied >1 year to 92 years (mean age 21 years), majority of TBI's were reported in the age group 20-29 years (34.38%), followed by 30-39 years (26.97%), 40-49 years (16.70%), p value <0.05. Most of the patients were male (63.46%), mostly unmarried. Majority lived in suburban areas (51.26%) followed by rural (26.85%) and urban (21.89%). Patients were mostly from middle class (46.58%) and poor socioeconomic background (42.62%), upper class only accounted for 10.8% of the cases. In terms of occupation, servicemen and farmers accounted for the majority (54.73%). Patients were brought to the hospital mainly by known persons (68%) and rest by bystanders and policemen. The most common mechanism of injury was road traffic accidents (RTA) 1199 (69.99%), followed by assault 251 (14.65%), 15.35% accounted for fall from height and fall of object on head. Mean hospital stay was 7.6±9.3 days (range <1 day to 87 days). In our study, patients were classified by GCS as mild TBI in 983(57.38%) patients; moderate in 488 (28.48%) and severe in 242 (14.12). 1481 (86.46%) patients experienced loss of consciousness; 788 (46%) had one or more episodes of vomiting; 312 (18.21%) patients presented with bleeding from ear, nose or throat, seizures were noted in 282 (16.46%) patients and vertigo in 411 (23.99%). Clinical examination also revealed abnormal pupils in 208 (12.14%) patients, abnormal motor response in 211 (12.32%) patients, only 3-5% patients showed cranial nerve deficit, racoon eyes or battle's sign. CT scan revealed contusions (42.50%) and fractures (35.14%) were the most common findings followed by sub dural hematoma (32.87%), extradural hematoma (18.21%). 85% patients were managed conservatively and 27% managed surgically. The overall mortality was 149 (8.69%). In a 6 month follow-up, 54 patients were persistently vegetative, 37 were severely disabled (dependent for day to day activities). 1452 patients recovered to be healthy. CONCLUSION Traumatic brain injury is a serious challenge to the community. With rapid modernization, growth in the country has been sporadic, boosting only segments of the population. Presently, there is no a...
Background: Traumatic brain injury is the most common cause of death in trauma victims accounting for about half of deaths at the accident site. Most commonly, traumatic brain injury occurs in the presence of additional injuries to other major organ systems, but it can also occur in isolation. Complications from closed head injuries are the single largest cause of morbidity and mortality in patients who reach the hospital alive. The objective of this study was to determine the outcome of traumatic head injury in patients admitted in the Department of Neurosurgery as unknown.Methods: All patients admitted as “unknown” to Neurosurgery department with traumatic head injury were studied retrospectively. Data was collected regarding demography, mode of injury, clinical presentation at the time of admission, management and outcome of these patients.Results: Data pertaining to 107 unknown patients were collected. Most patients were found to be males in 3rd decade of their lives with vehicular accidents as the common mode of injury. Patients presenting with Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score <8 at the time of admission had poor outcome and associated with higher mortality. Intra-cranial hemorrhage were predominantly found on CT scan. Only one-third of the patients were discharged after treatment while half of them suffered untimely death.Conclusions: Outcome of these neglected patients is poorer in comparison to patients who are accompanied by their relatives. Their management from pre-hospital to treatment and discharge from hospital is fraught with challenges. They need special care from trained nursing staff as well as help from social workers for recovery and rehabilitation.
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