Objective: Mindfulness involves a range of cognitive and affective processes. Most research has investigated the 'intended' and beneficial processes. The cognitive-emotional regulatory strategies (CERS) and difficulties encountered during mindfulness practice were investigated in order to establish a questionnaire to evaluate concomitant processes that individuals may engage in during mindfulness. Method: Participants (n=402) completed a survey to measure the frequency of CERS use and difficulties experienced during mindfulness. Items and factor structure were evaluated using multidimensional item response theory. Reliability and validity indices were also investigated. Differences in mindfulness practice across socio-demographic groups, levels of experience were also reported. Results: A 3 factor, 22 item mindfulness strategies and difficulties questionnaire (MSDQ) appears to be reliable and valid in assessing CERS and difficulties experienced during mindfulness practice. The factors were predictive of wellbeing and difficulties of mindfulness success. Level of experience and frequency of practice influenced strategy use and difficulties experienced. Discussion: The study validated the measurement of associated CERS and difficulties in a diverse sample of individuals who practice mindfulness. Results highlighted associated processes which individuals engage in during mindfulness while also emphasizing the context dependence of CERS use.
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