Purpose Thyroid disorders are a major public health burden. Generally, women exhibit higher differentials in the prevalence of these disorders. This study focuses on the socio-economic and behavioural correlates of thyroid disorders along with their spatial clustering among women of reproductive age in India. Methods The study uses dataset from the fourth National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4) carried out in 2015–16 to assess self-reported thyroid disorders. Poor–rich ratio (PRR) and concentration index (CI) were used to study the variation in thyroid disorder among women arising out of economic inequality. Moran’s I statistics and bivariate local spatial autocorrelation (BiLISA) maps were used to understand spatial dependence and clustering of thyroid disorder. Spatial lag and error models were applied to examine the correlates of the disorder. Results Thyroid disorder prevalence was higher among women from socio-economically better-off households. Adjusted effects showed that users of iodized salt were 1.14 times more likely to suffer from a thyroid disorder as compared to non-users, which is contrary to the general belief that a higher percentage of consumption of iodide salt leads to a lower prevalence of thyroid disorder. A higher autoregressive coefficient (0.71) indicated significantly higher spatial clustering in thyroid disorders. Conclusions The prevalence of thyroid disorder in India depends appreciably on spatial and various ecological factors. Sedentary lifestyles among women may be aggravating diseases, which has strong linkage with thyroid disorders. It is strongly recommended to effectively integrate universal salt iodization with activities geared towards the elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.
Introduction Based on the long-term impact of childhood obesity, there is a compelling need to assess the burden of obesity and micronutrient deficiency and the interactions between the two. Thus, the aims of the study were to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obese children and adolescents to compare micro-nutrient levels in these children with normal and underweight categories and explore the factors affecting overweight and obesity in the presence of micronutrient deficiencies. Methods Secondary data analysis of the Comprehensive National Nutrition Survey-India (2017–2018) was done. The survey recorded information from 112,245 preschool children (6–60 months), school age children (5–9 years), and adolescents (10–19 years). Half of these participants were invited for biochemical testing and were included in our analysis. The presence of overweight or obesity and micronutrient (serum erythrocyte folate; vitamin B12, A, and D; ferritin; zinc; and urinary iodine) deficiencies were the primary outcomes. The secondary outcome included the mean serum levels and predictors of overweight and obesity in the presence of micronutrient deficiencies. Results Of the 38,060, 38,355, and 35,830 preschool, school-age, and adolescent study participants, about 2.69, 4.18, and 4.99% were overweight or obese. We observed significant variations in the mean folate and vitamin B12 levels among the overweight and obese preschool and school-age children compared to the normal weight group. School-age children exhibited significant differences in all micronutrient levels. In contrast, adolescents only showed substantial differences in vitamin D and A and serum ferritin levels. The predictors of overweight and obesity included geographical locations, wealth quintiles, and societal castes. Iron, folate, vitamin D, and zinc levels significantly affect the odds of developing childhood overweight and obesity. Conclusions It is vital to halt the growing burden of childhood overweight and obesity. Addressing micronutrient deficiencies can help us bring a sustainable and feasible approach to managing this menace.
Background: In previous decade, the rate of caesarean section has increased disproportionately in India. Breastfeeding in an hour post birth i.e. Colostrum feeding has benefits associated to both mother as well as child. Cesarean delivery is one of the most remarkable risk factor for postpartum infection. The infection can be there in the uterus or vagina and can be accompanied by fever, sepsis etc. Both these aspects in the periphery of C-section need to be thrown a light because these are proximately affecting maternal health. This paper aims to examine the colostrum feeding practices of mothers giving birth via C-section and the difference that exists between C-section and normal delivery on post-natal complications or intrication faced by women. Method: The study used data from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) acquired in India, i.e., the fourth round of National Family and Health Survey (2015-16). Bivariate and multivariate has been carried out to know the difference in prevalence of colostrum feeding among mothers who have delivered by C-section and those who delivered normally. Propensity score matching (PSM) has been used in the study; it helped us to find an effective strategy for controlling the confounding influence of post-natal complications faced among caesarean and normal delivery mothers. Results: It is found, among the unmatched treatment group i.e., mothers delivered under caesarean section, the prevalence of post-natal complications is around 24%, and the same for control group i.e. those who delivered normally is 18%. After matching, the value of ATT is around 24% in treatment group and 17.4 in control group. Conclusion: Study concluded that women who delivered via C-section actually had lower prevalence of feeding colostrum to the new born in comparison to those who delivered normally. Results of PSM analysis also showed that post-natal complications faced by women who delivered normally were higher than those who delivered via C-section.
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