Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) is the most prevalent additive manufacturing technique, which involves extruding a softened thermoplastic filament through the nozzle of a heated extruder. For improving the mechanical properties of the FFF-printed PLA parts one of the options is to add reinforcing material, such as carbonaceous materials or metal particles. The present study deals with analysing and comparing mechanical properties of carbon fibre reinforced poly lactic acid (CF-PLA), graphene reinforced PLA (Gr-PLA) and multi walled carbon nano tubes reinforced PLA (MWCNTs-PLA) composites by FFF. The selected process parameters used in this study are raster angle (0°, 45°, 90°), feed rate (20 mm/s, 40 mm/s, 60 mm/s) and layer height (0.1 mm, 0.15 mm, 0.2 mm) and based on different combinations, elongation at break, modulus and tensile strength are examined. MWCNTs-PLA exhibits overall maximum tensile strength, 37.438 MPa with 15.384% elongation at break for layer height 0.1 mm, raster angle 0° and feed rate 20 mm/s as compared to other selected specimens. Fractography analysis is also done to better understand the failure modes of specimens. To examine the dependency of the tensile strength on the process parameters, ANOVA, Taguchi’s L9 array Design of Experiment (DOE) is utilized indicating that layer height has the highest contribution of 56.713% for Gr-PLA, but raster angle has the highest contribution of 54.899% and 76.16% for CF-PLA and MWCNTs-PLA, respectively. This work will help in better understanding of how different parameters effects the material properties for PLA composites.
Background: To develop a consensus strategy for the management of patients at risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) for Canadian ophthalmologists, optometrists and physicians. Methods: Development of a consensus strategy began with a review of the literature and existing guidelines. A panel of retina specialists, ophthalmologists, and optometrists from across Canada assessed this evidence to distill what was learned and use this knowledge as the basis for developing a consensus strategy for managing patients at risk of AMD. Results: The expert panel has developed a series of recommendations for Canadian eyecare providers (eg. ophthalmologists, optometrists) and physicians to adopt as a preventive strategy for patients at risk of AMD. Interpretation: This consensus strategy is a practical guideline that can be adopted in the office setting to manage patients at risk of AMD and to advise patients with questions and concerns about AMD.
Contexte : Élaborer une stratégie consensuelle pour la gestion des patients à risque de dégénérescence maculaire liée à l’âge (DMLA) à l’intention des ophtalmologistes, optométristes et médecins du Canada. Méthodes : L’élaboration d’une stratégie consensuelle a débuté avec la recension des textes et un examen des lignes directrices existantes. Un groupe de spécialistes de la rétine, d’ophtalmologistes et d’optométristes provenant d’un bout à l’autre du Canada a évalué cette information probante pour distiller ce qui a été appris et utiliser ces connaissances comme point de départ pour l’élaboration d’une stratégie consensuelle pour la gestion des patients à risque de DMLA. Résultats : Le groupe d’experts a élaboré une série de recommandations à l’intention des fournisseurs de soins oculovisuels (p. ex., ophtalmologistes, optométristes) et médecins du Canada pour l’adoption d’une stratégie préventive dans le cas des patients à risque de DMLA. Interprétation : La présente stratégie consensuelle est une ligne directrice pratique qui peut être adoptée dans un bureau pour gérer les patients à risque de DMLA et pour informer les patients qui ont des questions ou des préoccupations relatives à la DMLA.
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