Empyema thoracis is a purulent pleural effusion, common complication in children. 1 with the advent of antimicrobial drugs the incidence of empyema has been drastically reduced. In developing countries like India, even though the incidence of empyema has reduced drastically, it continues to be a major problem despite the availability of new and more potent antimicrobial drugs and improved surgical techniques.
Neonatal septicemia remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the new born, more so in developing countries like India due to delivery and post natal follow up in an unclean environment having more chances of contamination with infective organisms. Infection is more common in the neonatal period than at any other time in life. 1 This is partly attributable to exposure to large number of organisms, but is also due to a relative failure of the neonatal host defenses to clear microorganisms from blood and tissues. The rate of infection and type of organism causing sepsis in a neonate vary with demography. In India, the incidence of neonatal septicemia is 10-30/1000 live births, 2 whereas in western countries it is 1-8/1000 live births. 3
Globally, almost a quarter of people living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) are under the age of 25 years.
ABSTRACT:The etiology of congenital malformations has not been clearly defined. It is interesting to note that certain congenital malformations are more prevalent in some areas 1 . Neural tubal defects (NTD) are common in Punjab and cleft lip (CL) is common in south India. Gastrointestinal tract defects are detected from south i.e. Mysore, Trivandrum, Hyderabad and Pondicherry. Polydactyly was prevalent in south India and Chandigarh. Incidence of Talipes was highest in Delhi and next in order were Chennai, Pondicherry and Patna. Malformations are controlled by genetic and environmental factors and a thorough analysis would indicate the factors responsible for their genesis and thereby, their means of prevention 2 . Thus it is imperative that in every region the prevalence and peculiarities of malformations should be studied. Therefore, the present study was carried out in Government General Hospital, Kakinada, where consanguineous marriages are very much prevalent. The aim is to study the spectrum, incidence and maternal risk factors associated with congenital malformations.
Epilepsy is a common clinical problem encountered in pediatric practice. However, etiology of a large percentage of various epilepsy cases remains undiagnosed. 1 Especially generalized clonic tonic seizures. In such instance, CT scan would be helpful to establish or rule out ICSOL. Intra cranial space occupying lesions associated with morphological changes in the brain or the cranial cavity, are important causes of symptomatic epilepsy. 2 A properly planned plain and contrast CT scan is essential pre requisite for examination of epileptic children suspected of having ICSOL, where demonstration of lesion with mass effect is detrimental for etiological diagnosis and anatomical diagnosis 3 . Accurate pathological diagnosis is not always possible 4 . Aim of the study is to analyze the age and sex incidence, clinical features and etiology of ICSOLs in epileptic children. The advantage of CT scan in making early and specific diagnosis of ICSOL in epileptic children especially granulomatous lesions was also studied. This study focusses on CT findings which are more easily available in peripheries where MRI facilities are not available, though MRI may be better or additive.
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