The present study examined well-being and personal growth in mothers (n = 414) 1 year after childbirth. We examined the contribution of the event characteristics (birth of singletons or twins, full- or pre-term babies, first or non-first child, spontaneous pregnancy or fertility treatments and infant temperament), internal resources (attachment anxiety and avoidance) and external resources (marital quality and maternal grandmother's support). Regressions indicated that having a first child, child's easier temperament, lower attachment anxiety and avoidance, grandmother's emotional support and some aspects of the spousal relationships contributed to well-being. Personal growth was found to be related to the birth of a pre-term baby or babies, positively associated with maternal grandmother's support, and the marital quality of parenthood, and negatively with mothers' education. Beyond the findings that well-being and personal growth are related to the availability of certain resources, the current study demonstrates that the two outcomes are separate phenomena that reveal different patterns of associations with other variables. Several explanations for the findings are proposed, and practical implications are discussed.

Two studies explored the connection between self-consciousness and death cognitions. In Study 1 (n = 56), a positive association was found between accessibility of death-related thoughts and the ruminative dimension of self-consciousness. In Study 2 (n = 212), a mortality salience induction led to higher validation of cultural worldviews (a more severe perception of social transgressions) than a control group, but only among individuals with lower self-consciousness, whereas participants characterized by higher self-consciousness did not make increased use of this cultural anxiety buffer. Rather, their naturally heightened death awareness led them to react to social transgressors in a neutral condition in the way usually found only after a mortality salience induction. Gender could not alternatively account for these findings. The results are explained in terms of terror management theory. It is suggested that a high level of self-consciousness may serve as an internal death reminder, leading to greater cultural worldview validation on a regular basis.

The present study investigated well-being and distress in 274 Israeli mothers of two-year-olds. Of these, 127 were mothers of singletons and 147 mothers of twins. The study examined the contribution to the explanation of well-being and distress of a range of variables relating to the mother, including sociodemographic characteristics, internal resources (attachment style, self-differentiation, and maternal self-efficacy), and external resources (marital quality and grandmothers' support). The findings showed that being a mother of a singleton or twins did not contribute to the explanation of variance in well-being or distress. Marital quality provided the strongest explained variance for both well-being and distress. Mother's health, attachment anxiety and self-differentiation also explained significant amounts of the variance. Several differences were found in the contribution of certain other variables, such as maternal grandmother's support, which contributed only to well-being. The results indicated the lesser role of sociodemographic variables, as opposed to the centrality of personality traits and marital quality, in the relationships with well-being and distress. Practical implications are discussed.

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