This article discusses social security reforms in Turkey in the framework of the welfare state, which started to fall in the 1970s as a result of the neoliberal paradigm promoting the interest of the capital class over the interest of the public as a whole. The article analyzes some handicaps of privatization attempts all over the world. The author argues that social security reforms in Turkey toward privatization will result in decreasing the welfare of the poorer strata of society. The author discusses the welfare losses incurred by the increasing nonparticipation of the government, which decreases income certainty for the beneficiary and exposes individuals to the risk of fluctuations in the economy in general and of the stock market in particular.JEL classification: G23, H53, H55
This article provides evidence of the effect of military expenditures on the rate of profits for 24 OECD countries for the period of 1963-2008 by employing a panel autoregressive distributed lag model within a Marxist framework for the first time. Findings show that while for the whole period there is positive linkage between military expenditures and profit rates, in the post-1980 era the impact of military expenditures is negative. Findings suggest weak evidence that there is positive linkage between military expenditures and profit rates for arms-exporting countries and negative linkage for non-arms-exporting countries.
In this article, using a novel, annual cross‐country panel dataset that covers 160 economies from 1950 to 2016, we examine the association between the size of the informal sector and various indicators of sustainable development. The range of indicators encompasses health‐related, economic, environmental, education, and social variables. Our results suggest that the size of the informal sector is negatively associated with GDP per capita, carbon dioxide emissions per capita, education, educational attainment, life expectancy, and access to safe drinking water, and positively related to female labor force participation rate, poverty rates, mortality rates, and air pollution. We also find that these empirical associations significantly interact with GDP per capita, indicating that the effect of larger informal sector size is stronger in less developed economies.
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