Canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) is the aetiological agent of an infectious viral disease of dogs, characterised by diarrhoea and vomiting. Mutations of the CPV-2 genome have generated new variants circulating worldwide. This article reports the molecular analysis of CPV-2 variants collected in the dog population in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. Twenty blood samples previously taken for the laboratory diagnosis of dogs with suspected parvovirus were screened for CPV-2 by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 20 samples, 18 tested positive for CPV-2. Partial VP2 gene sequencing and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis revealed CPV-2a (n = 1), CPV-2b (n = 16) and CPV-2c (n = 1) variants. Phylogenetic analysis based on the partial length VP2 gene showed that CPV-2b (n = 15) variants showed sequences clustering separately in the phylogenetic tree. The CPV-2c sample was phylogenetically related to Chinese strains and Indonesia strain, whereas the CPV-2a sample was phylogenetically related to the Portuguese strain. These results, which are the first to demonstrate the presence of CPV-2c in the dog population of southeast Anatolia, Turkey, indicate that CPV-2a/2b/2c variants co-exist in Turkey’s dog population.
Canine parvovirus (CPV) and canine distemper virus (CDV), which are seen mostly in dogs younger than 6 months (mos) old with high mortality despite early diagnosis and treatment, cause various hematological abnormalities and clinical symptoms accompanied by gastroenteritis findings. Since the methods developed for definitive ante-mortem diagnosis are time-consuming and require expertise and equipment, routine laboratory tests such as blood gases and hemogram analyzes still maintain their importance in the diagnosis and monitoring the complications associated with the viruses. The animal material of the study was consisted of a total of 50 dogs: 40 dogs (Experimental Group; 24 male, 16 female) aged between 2-6 mos, from medium to large breeds such as Anatolian shepherd, Boxer and mixed breed with gastroenteritis symptoms; 10 healthy dogs (Control Group; 8 male, 2 female) aged between 2-6 mos, from similar breeds. All were brought to the hospital either for diagnosis/treatment or for routine check-up. Based on the results of rapid antigen tests performed following the clinical and laboratory analyzes, the Experimental Group was divided into two subgroups: Canine Parvovirus Group (CPV Group, n=22) and Canine Distemper Virus Group (CDV Group, n=18). As a result of laboratory analyzes, differences in respiratory rate, capillary refill time and body temperature (P=0.000) in the clinical examinations; leukocyte (WBC) (P=0.003), granulocyte (P=0.000) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P=0.001) levels in the hemogram; pH (P=0.001), lactate (P=0.004) and HCO3 (P=0.001) levels in the blood gases analysis were detected in the CPV and CDV groups. Based on the Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) evaluation of the parameters, which were determined to vary in the Experimental Group, it was concluded that low pH and HCO3 with high lactate levels in blood gases along with low WBC, granulocyte and high MCV levels in the hemogram may be useful parameters in establishing a routine laboratory test panel for diferentiation between CPV and CDV.
We screened ticks and human clinical specimens to detect and characterize tick phleboviruses and pathogenicity in vertebrates. Ticks were collected at locations in Istanbul (Northwest Anatolia, Thrace), Edirne, Kırklareli, and Tekirdağ (Thrace), Mersin (Mediterranean Anatolia), Adiyaman and Şanlıurfa (Southeastern Anatolia) provinces from 2013–2018 and were analyzed following morphological identification and pooling. Specimens from individuals with febrile disease or meningoencephalitic symptoms of an unknown etiology were also evaluated. The pools were screened via generic tick phlebovirus amplification assays and products were sequenced. Selected pools were used for cell culture and suckling mice inoculations and next generation sequencing (NGS). A total of 7492 ticks were screened in 609 pools where 4.2% were positive. A phylogenetic sequence clustering according to tick species was observed. No human samples were positive. NGS provided near-complete viral replicase coding sequences in three pools. A comprehensive analysis revealed three distinct, monophyletic virus genotypes, comprised of previously-described viruses from Anatolia and the Balkans, with unique fingerprints in conserved amino acid motifs in viral replicase. A novel tick phlebovirus group was discovered circulating in the Balkans and Turkey, with at least three genotypes or species. No evidence for replication in vertebrates or infections in clinical cases could be demonstrated.
This study was carried out to determine the effect of different industrial by-products (pistachio, pomegranate, and olive) as alternative feed sources for sheep. Fifty-two Awassi sheep aged 3 and 4 years were divided into four groups (n=13 per group) concerning age, birth type, milk yield, and lactation period: basal diet without byproducts (CON) and basal diet added with either pistachio shell (PIS), pomegranate hull (POM), or olive pulp (OP). By-products were mixed with the total ration at a rate of 5% and given in the morning and evening feedings. The feeding experiment was continued for 60 days. Milk yield, milk quality, feed consumption, and biochemical parameters such as urea, creatine, triglyceride, total bilirubin, and albumin were determined at 30-day intervals from the beginning of the study. Tukey multiple comparison test was used to compare the research groups. There was no treatment effect on feed consumption. The highest milk yield was measured in sheep fed the POM diet in all periods (the first, second, and third-period means were 1143±111, 967±127, and 785±112 gr, respectively). Milk yield for other groups was similar. At the end of the study, the fat ratio in the CON, PIS, POM, and OP groups were determined to be 6.11±0.30%, 6.25±0.36%, 5.61±0.42%, and 5.97±0.48%, respectively. Protein values were determined as 6.34±0.16%, 6.26%±0.27%, 6.06%±0.23%, and 6.39±0.19% in the same order. There was no statistically significant difference between CON, PIS, POM, and OP groups regarding biochemical parameters. In conclusion, sheep ration can contain PIS, POM, and OP up to 5% as alternative feed sources.
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