This study consolidates findings on phonetic convergence in a large-scale examination of the impacts of talker sex, word frequency, and model talkers on multiple measures of convergence. A survey of nearly three dozen published reports revealed that most shadowing studies used very few model talkers and did not assess whether phonetic convergence varied across same-and mixed-sex pairings. Furthermore, some studies have reported effects of talker sex or word frequency on phonetic convergence, but others have failed to replicate these effects or have reported opposing patterns. In the present study, a set of 92 talkers (47 female) shadowed either same-sex or opposite-sex models (12 talkers, six female). Phonetic convergence was assessed in a holistic AXB perceptual-similarity task and in acoustic measures of duration, F0, F1, F2, and the F1 × F2 vowel space. Across these measures, convergence was subtle, variable, and inconsistent. There were no reliable main effects of talker sex or word frequency on any measures. However, female shadowers were more susceptible to lexical properties than were males, and model talkers elicited varying degrees of phonetic convergence. Mixed-effects regression models confirmed the complex relationships between acoustic and holistic perceptual measures of phonetic convergence. In order to draw broad conclusions about phonetic convergence, studies should employ multiple models and shadowers (both male and female), balanced multisyllabic items, and holistic measures. As a potential mechanism for sound change, phonetic convergence reflects complexities in speech perception and production that warrant elaboration of the underspecified components of current accounts.

No abstract

IMPORTANCE Opioid addiction is a major public health problem. Despite availability of evidence-based treatments, relapse and dropout are common outcomes. Efforts aimed at identifying reuse risk and gaining more precise understanding of the mechanisms conferring reuse vulnerability are needed.OBJECTIVE To use tools from computational psychiatry and decision neuroscience to identify changes in decision-making processes preceding opioid reuse. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTSA cohort of individuals with opioid use disorder were studied longitudinally at a community-based treatment setting for up to 7 months (1-15 sessions per person). At each session, patients completed a risky decision-making task amenable to computational modeling and standard clinical assessments. Time-lagged mixed-effects logistic regression analyses were used to assess the likelihood of opioid use between sessions (t to t + 1; within the subsequent 1-4 weeks) from data acquired at the current session (t). A cohort of control participants completed similar procedures (1-5 sessions per person), serving both as a baseline comparison group and an independent sample in which to assess measurement test-retest reliability. Data were analyzed between

Ambivalence, resistance, and alliance ruptures are three terms commonly used in psychotherapy, across different theoretical approaches and modalities. However, it is still not clear how those terms are related and how the connection can be used to maintain a therapeutic alliance while addressing clients’ ambivalence. This paper aims to briefly describe ambivalence and resistance, describing their impact on psychotherapy process; reintroduce the theory of resistance as a manifestation of ambivalence (Engle & Arkowitz, 2006); and relate it to the concept of alliance ruptures. An original study is presented to further demonstrate this interaction between process and content in psychotherapy sessions. Moreover, this paper will discuss the implications of this relationship, offering directions for psychotherapists in addressing both ambivalence and ruptures in their work.

No abstract

Despite the recent rise in overdose-related mortalities in the United States, the topic of responding to the emotional tolls of this unprecedented death rate has been largely neglected in both research and service provision. While others have drawn attention to the anguish experienced by families in coping with a family member's fatal overdose, this article highlights the predicament of clinicians following a fatal overdose of a client. To this end, it reviews literature drawn from addiction, suicidology, and bereavement research to shed light on this type of loss and particularly how it may impact clinicians working with people who use drugs. The article, aimed toward clinicians both in independent practice and in hospital/clinic settings, offers recommendations to guide them after a client overdose death. It concludes by considering how findings from existing literature can guide future research and service delivery. Clinical Impact StatementThis article, building off research on addiction, suicidology, and grief, describes the impact client overdose deaths may have on clinicians working with people who use drugs. Recommendations to guide clinicians in coping with an overdose death allow for appropriate postvention that is sensitive to the clinicians, their clinical approaches, and their remaining clients.

The aim of the current study is to explore experiences of trainees engaged in alliance-focused training (AFT), a group supervision modality with an explicit focus on awareness of ruptures and implementation of repair strategies. Using cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) group supervision as a point of comparison, the study examines supervisory alliance, ruptures, group cohesion and safety, and supervision impact. Method: Eighty-three trainees (clinical psychology interns, advanced-level psychology externs and psychiatry residents) at a metropolitan medical center in New York City who received supervision in CBT (N ϭ 38) or AFT (N ϭ 45) reported on their group supervision experience. Participants had a mean age of 29.5 (SD ϭ 4.9); 77% were women; 84% of participants identified as White, 7% as Multiethnic, 6% as Hispanic/Latinx, 1% as Black, and 1% as Asian. Participants reported on occurrence of ruptures with their supervisor, supervisory alliance (Working Alliance Inventory-Short), group safety, supervision depth and smoothness (Session Evaluation Questionnaire), and group cohesion (Group Climate Questionnaire). Mixed and general linear models, and correlation analyses were used for analysis. Results: All trainees reported equally low incidence of ruptures with their supervisor alongside high ratings of supervisory alliance. Trainees in AFT reported experiencing less safety, smoothness, and greater intergroup conflict than trainees in CBT supervision; however, they also reported stronger group engagement and a deeper supervision experience. Conclusions: Results suggest that AFT may provide a rich environment to foster a certain level of discomfort and risk-taking that may facilitate an engaging and meaningful learning experience.

No abstract