This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Cytomegalovirus virus (CMV) infection among pregnant women in Ad Dhale'e city, Yemen. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 130 pregnant women attended for routine antenatal care in Al-Nasser hospital in Ad-Dhale'e city. Serum was obtained and tested for seropositivity of CMV IgG and IgM using electro-chemiluminescence immunoassays  (ECLIA) test. Of 130 blood sample, 122 (93.8 %) and 5 (3.8%) were identified with CMV IgG and CMV IgM seropositive respectively. While, 8 (6.2%) were seronegative (susceptible) to CMV infection. Statistically significant association (P< 0.05) was found between CMV IgG seropositivity and age. This study concluded that there was high seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infections among pregnant women in Ad-Dhale'e city. Routine antenatal screening of pregnant women for CMV infection should be considered. Further studies with more sample size using advanced methods is recommended.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major worldwide public health issue. The risk of exposure to HBV among healthcare workers (HCWs) is a major concern, especially among students in health professions. This is a cross-sectional survey, aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices toward HBV infection among dental students, using an administered questionnaire containing 2 sections. The first section for demographic characteristics and the second section contained 15 questions on knowledge of HBV (7 questions), attitude (3 questions), and practices (5 Questions) of HBV infection. Dental students in the third, fourth, and fifth years of Aden University were included in the study. Descriptive statistics like frequencies and proportions were used to summarize the data. A total of 308 dental students participated in the study. Of these, 50.3% were males and 49.7% were females.A total of 77.2% of the students knew about the transmission and prevention of HBV infection. More than 75.0% of participants had a positive attitude towards preventive measures against HBV infection, and 78.2% of participants agreed that the HBV vaccine can prevent HBV infection. Only 0.97% of students were vaccinated against HBV infection and 53.9% of students knew about the postexposure treatment against HBV infection. The overall knowledge regarding HBV infection was found to be adequate among dental students. Dental students are at high risk of exposure to HBV infection owing to the low HBV vaccination rate. Therefore, dental students should be vaccinated prior to their entry into professional practices.

The present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis among 300 (156 males and 144 females) participants divided into three groups as follows: 100 patients with periodontitis (periodontitis group), 100 patients with gingivitis (gingivitis group), and 100 individuals with healthy gingiva (healthy control group), using wet mount technique with physiological saline and Giemsa stain. The overall prevalence of E. gingivalis was 18.3% and the highest prevalence of E. gingivalis was among periodontitis group (29%) followed by gingivitis group (18%), and healthy group (8%). The highest prevalence (23.7%) of E. gingivalis was found among the age group 40-49 years. Infection was highly significant in males than females (23.7% vs.12.5%). With regard to risk factors, the prevalence of E. gingivalis was common in non-tooth brush users, smokers, qat chewers, and diabetic patients and there were significant differences between tooth-brush users and non-tooth brush users, smokers and non-smokers, qat chewers and non-gat chewers, and between diabetic and non-diabetic patients and occurrence of E. gingivalis. We conclude that the higher prevalence of E. gingivalis in periodontal disease compared to healthy individuals may be an indicator of the potential role E. gingivalis in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.

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Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is one of the most valuable spices that has been used for centuries as food preservative and for many medicinal purposes such as antispasmodic, carminative, antioxidant and antimicrobial. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of alcoholic extract of clove, on the viability of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices in vitro. Different concentrations of the clove extract were assessed (1, 50 and 100 mg /ml). The results of the current study showed significant complete inhibition (100%) of protoscolices viability in vitro treated with100 mg/ml of alcoholic extract of S. aromaticum after 3 hours of exposure. Also, 85% inhibition with concentration of 50 mg/ml after 3 hours, progressing to complete inhibition of protoscolices viability after 4 hours. With concentration of 1 mg /ml, 70 % inhibition was observed after 3 hours, progressing to 100% inhibition after 5 hours of exposure to S. aromaticum alcoholic extract. There were significant correlations between efficacy and concentration and between efficacy and exposure time.