The lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) plays a role in cancer progression and signals via specific G protein-coupled receptors, LPA [1][2][3] . LPA has been shown to enhance the metastasis of breast carcinoma cells to bone. However, the mechanisms by which LPA receptors regulate breast cancer cell migration and invasion remain unclear. Breast cancer cell proliferation has been shown to be stimulated by Ral GTPases, a member of the Ras superfamily. Ral activity can be regulated by the multifunctional protein β-arrestin. We now show that HS578T and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells and MDA-MB-435 melanoma cells have higher expression of β-arrestin 1 mRNA compared with the nontumorigenic mammary MCF-10A cells. Moreover, we found that the mRNA levels of LPA 1 , LPA 2 , β-arrestin 2, and Ral GTPases are elevated in the advanced stages of breast cancer. LPA stimulates the migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells, but not of MCF-10A cells, and this is mediated by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins and LPA 1 . However, ectopic expression of LPA 1 in MCF-10A cells caused these cells to acquire an invasive phenotype. Gene knockdown of either β-arrestin or Ral proteins significantly impaired LPA-stimulated migration and invasion. Thus, our data show a novel role for β-arrestin/Ral signaling in mediating LPA-induced breast cancer cell migration and invasion, two important processes in metastasis. (Mol Cancer Res 2009;7 (7):1064-77)
Background The nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR or 3-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) has been used to phenotype CYP2A6-mediated nicotine metabolism. Our objectives were to analyze (a) the stability of NMR in plasma, saliva, and blood in various storage conditions, (b) the relationship between NMRs derived from blood, plasma, saliva, and urine, and (c) the reproducibility of plasma NMR in ad libitum cigarette smokers. Methods We analyzed data from four clinical studies. In studies 1 and 2, we assessed NMR stability in saliva and plasma samples at room temperature (~22°C) over 14 days and in blood at 4°C for up to 72 hours. In studies 2 and 3, we used Bland-Altman analysis to assess agreement between blood, plasma, saliva, and urine NMRs. In study 4, plasma NMR was measured on 6 occasions over 44 weeks in 43 ad libitum smokers. Results Reliability coefficients for stability tests of NMR in plasma and saliva at room temperature were 0.97 and 0.98, respectively, and 0.92 for blood at 4°C. Blood NMR agreed consistently with saliva and plasma NMRs but showed more variability in relation to urine NMR. The reliability coefficient for repeated plasma NMR measurements in smokers was 0.85. Conclusion The NMR is stable in blood, plasma, and saliva at the conditions tested. Blood, plasma, and saliva NMRs are similar while urine NMR is a good proxy for these NMR measures. Plasma NMR was reproducible over time in smokers. Impact One measurement may reliably estimate a smoker’s NMR for use as an estimate of the rate of nicotine metabolism.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.