This review focused on the various methods for controlling estrous cycles in well-managed dairy cows. Because up to 70% of dairy cows may stay non-pregnant after an AI procedure, an effective approach for identifying and reinseminating open cows is essential for dairy herds to achieve optimal reproductive performance. Overall, well-managed dairy farms with effective estrus detection programs inseminate 50% or more of non-pregnant cows after behavioral estrus is detected. Cows not detected in estrus are admitted in a resynchronization of ovulation procedure to receive a timed AI (TAI) service to avoid a long interbreeding interval. In Egypt, a widely used program involves starting the Ovsynch protocol (GnRH-7 d-PGF2-56 h-GnRH-16 to 20 h-TAI) 32 days after an initial AI, regardless of pregnancy status. Previous studies have proven that there was no difference in pregnancy/artificial insemination (P/AI) between Ovsynch+P4 and Presynch-Ovsynch, both protocols were equally effective in improving the fertility of cows with a CL 15 mm. The review also addressed different methods for synchronization of ovulation and different factors affecting the selection of the management program.
The purpose of this study was to see how the Ovsynch, modified Ovsynch, presynch, and modified presynch protocols affected postpartum reproductive performance in dairy cows. Design: Randomized controlled experimental study Animals: The current research involved 412 dairy cows. Procedures: The cows were split into four groups: GnRH was given on day 0, PGF2∝ on day 7, and GnRH on day 9. Group 1: (Ovsynch protocol, n= 117) received GnRH on day 0 and PGF2∝ on day 7. Group 2 (modified Ovsynch, n=113): PMSG on day 0, PGF2 on day 7, and PMSG on day 9. Group 3 (presynch protocol, n=98) got two doses of PGF2 14 days apart, which allowed for a 12-day delay in the start of Ovsynch. Group 4 (modified presynch protocol, n=84) got two PGF2∝ doses 14 days apart, which was 12 days before the start of modified Ovsynch. All of the animals were artificially inseminated 16 hours following their last GnRH or PMSG dose. The ovarian rebound, number of services per conception, days open, and calving interval were the measures for determining reproductive performance for the dairy cows. Results:The main effect of the synchronisation program showed no significance for ovarian rebound (P >0.05). The S/C, days open and calving intervals were decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the 3rd and 4th groups when compared with the cows that received either GPG or PMSG treatment only. All four groups had a conception rate of 35.04 (41/117), 40.7 (46/113), 44.8 (44/98), and 57.14 (48/84) %, respectively (P<0.05). Conclusion and clinical relevance:It was investigated that giving two PGF2 injections before Ovsynch, either utilizing GnRH or PMSG methods, improved the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Furthermore, cows given PMSG had a greater conception rate than cows given GnRH.
Background: Spine surgery is usually associated with excessive blood loss that may necessitate a blood transfusion. Objectives: to evaluate the topical application of tranexamic acid versus hydrogen peroxide for hemostasis in patients undergoing elective spine surgeries under general anesthesia. Patients and Methods: One hundred twenty patients aged 20 to 60 participated in this prospective, randomized, single-blinded study. They were randomly allocated into three equal groups. Patients either receive topical tranexamic acid 2gm (Group T), 3% hydrogen peroxide (Group H), or normal saline in the control group (Group C), all in 100 mL volume, applied via irrigation before wound closure for 3 minutes. The primary endpoint was the estimation of postoperative blood loss within the first 48 hours. Secondary outcomes included: hemoglobin and hematocrit values, frequency of blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay. Results: There were differences in postoperative blood loss at the first and second 24 hours in group T (194.1 ml and 98.1 ml) compared to group H (328.2 ml and 199.5 ml) and groups C (367.5 ml and 227.5 ml) with a p-value of 0.001. Postoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit levels after 48 hours were best in group T (11.2 gm/dl) compared to the H and C groups (10.97 and 10.52 gm/dl, respectively) with a p-value of 0.041. Incidences of postoperative blood loss > 500 ml, blood transfusion, and the length of hospital stay in days were the least in group T, with a p-value of 0.001. Conclusion:The present study proves that topical tranexamic acid is superior to hydrogen peroxide in reducing postoperative blood loss and preserving hemoglobin and hematocrit. It also shortened the period of hospital stay.
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