Background: Citric acid is produced in insignificant quantities in Iran. Despite its great range of utilizations, and from another aspect, high level of production of sugarcane bagasse, the related problems arising from maintenance of this acid require thinking of a measure in the direction of its optimal usage and production. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to obtain effectual variables in producing citric acid from sugarcane bagasse through Solid State Fermentation (SSF) method using Aspergillus niger mold and to optimize its mass production by employing Taguchi method. Materials and Methods:The effective parameters such as spore inoculation level, methanol percentage, solvent type, spore age, humidity percentage, initial pH of substrate, fermentation period and temperature, initial sugar percentage, autoclaving duration, nitrogen source and etc. were studied for producing citric acid from sugarcane bagasse with respect to Tagouchi method. Results: By considering the findings obtained from the tests, the highest production rate of citric acid g/kg out of untreated sugarcane bagasse is 75.45 based on the consumed sugar and a yield of 15.1 g/kg of sugarcane was achieved per day. Application of sodium hydroxide and acid pretreated sugarcane bagasse increased the production of citric acid in such a fashion that the production rates were 97.81 g/kg and 87.32 g/kg of sugarcane bagasse, respectively, compared to sodium hydroxide and acid untreated sugarcane bagasse. Conclusions:The obtained findings in the present study indicated that sugarcane bagasse is an ideal substrate in producing citric acid and the aforementioned process could be considered as a beneficial and cost-effective method in citric acid production.

Bacteria have different decomposing enzymes, a feature which makes them outstanding among all other microbes. One of the major methods to reduce various pollutants is applying biologic method which is known as bioremediation. The aim of the present study was tried to analyze the existence of naphthalene-degradation bacteria phenotypically and genotypically in Qurugöl Lake, located in East Azerbaijan Province in Iran. For this aim at the end of each rainy season samples were taken from the locations of the lake which were the most polluted. These samples were incubated in a specific medium where naphthalene was the only carbonic source of energy for providing the poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) energy. The single colonies were isolated and the primary phonotypic and biochemical tests were carried out. After that, for genotypic analysis, their 16S rRNA genes were separated and sequenced. Considering the fact that the decomposing bacteria of PAHs compounds, which were taken from the lake, were isolated, it became obvious that part of polluting process is done by these bacteria. The significant bacteria in this case are bacillus sp. and closely related type strains include B. pumilus (99.9%) Which are capable of decomposing PAHs efficiently in 5% salt concentrations also Shewanella sp. and closely related type strains include Sh. Xiamenensis (99.1%) which are capable of decomposing PAHs efficiently in 1/5% salt concentration. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic results, it is recommended that isolated RCRI7(=RCRI8) represents a novel strain of the species Sh. xiamenensis and The GenBank/EMBL accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequences of strain RCRI7 is GQ988720. The level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain RCRI7 and phylogenetically the closest related strain, Shewanella xiamenensis JCM 16212 T was 51%.

Lung cancer continues to be the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In the last decade, significant advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer, particularly NSCLC, have been achieved with the help of molecular translational research. Among the hopeful breakthroughs in therapeutic approaches, advances in targeted therapy have brought the most successful outcomes in NSCLC treatment. In targeted therapy, antagonists target the specific genes, proteins, or the microenvironment of tumors supporting cancer growth and survival. Indeed, cancer can be managed by blocking the target genes related to tumor cell progression without causing noticeable damage to normal cells. Currently, efforts have been focused on improving the targeted therapy aspects regarding the encouraging outcomes in cancer treatment and the quality of life of patients. Treatment with targeted therapy for NSCLC is changing rapidly due to the pace of scientific research. Accordingly, this updated study aimed to discuss the tumor target antigens comprehensively and targeted therapy-related agents in NSCLC. The current study also summarized the available clinical trial studies for NSCLC patients.

Strains of Lactobacillus pentosus and Lactobacillus beveris were isolated from human feces and local milk samples, respectively. And both strains has the ability to isolate or bind with aflatoxin B1.