Avian infectious bronchitis is a contagious viral disease of chicken. It is present everywhere in the world where poultry is reared. This study was designed to detect, isolate and sequence the circulating Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) in poultry in Pakistan. Out of 905 clinical specimens tested, 358 were found positive for IBV, having serotype distribution of Mass (43%), 4/91 (51%), and different variants of IBV (5%), respectively. One of the variants recovered from broiler-breeder (BB) flock and designated as Pak-973, was further propagated and characterized on molecular basis. Virus neutralization test did not neutralize it with the reference antisera IBV serotypes M41, 4/91, D274, D1466 and IT-02, identifying it as a distinct serotype. Furthermore, Haemagglutination Inhibition test (HI) has proven useful in differentiating various serotype of IBV. In addition to this, partial Spike 1 (S1) gene was amplified by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and subjected to sequencing for determining its genetic diversity. Sequenced data was submitted in the GenBank and the IBV isolate named as KX013102_NARC/973_Pakistan_2015. The phylogenetic analysis of Pak-973 showed a maximum homology of 93% with the Indian IBV variant KF360983_23/B/2008_India. However, an overall nucleotide homology with some other Indian isolates is between 82-93%. This study revealed the presence of IBV variant isolates in the field in Pakistan during 2015.

The current study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) in cattle and buffaloes in Tandojam Pakistan. The average geometric mean titers (GMT) recorded against HS in diseased buffaloes and cattle were 5.7 and 6.1, respectively. The morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 57.58, 52.30 and 90.83% in young buffalo calves; and 3.17, 1.92 and 60.65% in adult buffaloes, respectively. In case of young cattle calves, morbidity, mortality and case fatality rates were 8.63, 5.27 and 61.11%, respectively, while in adult cattle, these values were 4.83, 2.18 and 45.23%, respectively. The present study revealed that the mortality, morbidity and case fatality rates due to HS were greater in young calves than the adults both in buffaloes and cattle. Furthermore, buffaloes were found to be more susceptible to the disease than the cattle.

Toxoplasmosis is a cosmopolitan infection caused by an obligate intracellular protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. The parasite was described as the most successful having full potentials to be transmitted through various routes from contamination of the environment and food substances to continuous spread as tissue cyst in meat, among its intermediate host, bypassing its sexual stage of life cycle in its definitive host. Relevant English databases were searched for the prevalence studies conducted in Nigeria. In this review, we identified the various ways through which the infection can be spread within human population as reported by various studies in Nigeria.

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Mycoplasma mycoides variant mycoides causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP), an important infectious disease of cattle’s respiratory system. To determine the prevalence of CBPP, a cross-sectional study was done in the Pothohar plateau (districts Rawalpindi, Attock and Jhelum) Punjab. Using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 850 serum samples were tested for specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides. Age, gender, and breed were all examined as potential risk factors. The overall prevalence in this study was 17.65%. CBPP prevalence was 14.62%, 17.50%, and 20.32% in districts Rawalpindi, Attock and Jhelum, respectively, with significant difference (P<0.05). Gender and breed were not substantially connected with the animal’s serological status (P<0.05) among the investigated putative predisposing factors, however age was strongly associated with CBPP positivity (P<0.05). Positivity was highest in animals over 7 years of age (27.78%), followed by 4-6 years of age (15.65%), and lowest in animals under 4 years of age (13.33%). This study establishes the prevalence of CBPP in the state, which could pose a threat to the state’s cattle export market and necessitates the development of control measures to reduce the disease’s economic losses.