Future carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) will be impacted by the new scenario in which the energy supply rapidly shifts from oil-based to natural gas-based means, but this shift also presents an opportunity to utilize natural gas hydrates (NGHs). This review discusses the present state of CCS research and development, the advantages of the various approaches, and the barriers to commercialization that exist today. It also provides an evaluation of certain practical small- and large-scale CCS applications. The high initial investment, as well as ongoing maintenance costs, plague today’s commercially accessible CO2 capture technologies, including absorption, adsorption, membranes, and cryogenic separation. Gas hydrate-based capture has the potential to become the dominant method for CO2 separation because of the high recovery rates and purity it provides. Hydrate-based technologies, including CO2 capture, CO2 separation, and transportation, can also be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and have excellent application potential. Despite this, the potential of technology based on gas hydrates to help reduce the effects of climate change in the future has received little attention. This study discusses cosmopolitan energy provision and environmental challenges and conversions, and the role of gas hydrates in the carbon cycle. This paper summarizes the state-of-the-art developments in hydrate-based reactors, thereby providing a perspective on the roles of NGHs in the future energy supply and climate change mitigation. In all these areas, we focus on identifying future CCS challenges and the technological development risk in gas hydrate-based systems, which should be highlighted in the next several decades.
Objective: To determine frequency of different breast disorders in female patients of varying age groups presenting to HBS Hospital Islamabad. Study design: A prospective descriptive study Place and duration: This study was conducted in department of General Surgery HBS Hospital from 1st May 2019 to 31 Dec 2021. Methodology: All female patients presenting to surgical OPD and indoor department from 1st May 2019 to 31 Dec 2021 for different breast diseases with no age limitation were included in the study. Data of the patients as age at presentation, symptoms, clinical features, and risk factors, investigations as ultrasound and specimen reports if any were recorded and submitted for histopathology analysis. Results: A total of225female patients were included in the study. Frequency of the disorders was as follows. Fibroadenoma breast presenting as lump breast was found in (n=69) followed bicyclical mastalgia (n=62),breast abscess (n=27), duct ectasia (n=18), carcinoma breast (n=13),sebaceous cyst breast (n=9), mastitis (n=8), cracked nipples (n=8),non-cyclical mastalgia (n=4),galactorrhea (n=3), breast budding (n=1), phylloides tumor (n=1), blood stained nipple discharge (n=1) and nipple eczema (n=1) in frequency. Age of patients ranged from 9-85 years with mean age 51.5 years. Conclusion: Fibroadenoma is the commonest disease but the pattern is rapidly changing towards fibrocystic disease especially in young females. Incidence of Inflammatory disease increases in peak reproductive age group. Carcinoma breast presents late in our setups. Keywords: Breast Lump, Breast Disease, Carcinoma Breast, Fibroadenoma Breast
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