Wellens syndrome is a precursor of left anterior descending (LAD) coronary stenosis. It is characterized by biphasic T waves in V2-V3 (type A) or negative deep T waves in V2-V4 (type B). The ability of emergency physicians, hospitalists, or primary care providers to recognize these early ECG patterns is primordial because the definitive treatment is urgent cardiac catheterization with percutaneous coronary intervention. However, failure to identify a type A or type B Wellens syndrome may lead to devastating outcomes, such as myocardial infarction or even death. We presented a clinical case of Wellens' syndrome with deep T waves in V2-V3 associated with COVID pneumonia, pleural effusions, and congestive heart failure that went to a rapid and massive myocardial infarction.
Hypertension is the most common modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In the last two decades, the guidelines have evolved tremendously from areas with no recommendations for screening or treatment to targeted recommendations for some at-risk groups. We sought to go through the literature that provided guidelines for the management of hypertension at any point in time over the last 22 years from 2000 to 2022. We searched four databases: PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane, using specified search terms. The keywords used were "hypertension" and "guidelines." We combined them using the Boolean operators (AND, OR) and searched for articles. A total of 2461 publications were initially identified; 348 publications were excluded after screening for full-text availability. The full-text articles were further filtered based on title and abstract screening. Following this, a total of 1443 articles were excluded. The remaining 670 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility. Of the 670 full-text articles, 480 were excluded based on exclusion criteria, and following the full-text article screening, 190 articles met the final inclusion criteria. Most of these guideline evolutions concerned establishing and adjusting thresholds for the subgroups of the elderly population and patients with diabetic kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and stroke. Furthermore, the medications of choice are now guided by the stage of disease, presence or absence of comorbidities, and other relevant information, as opposed to ethnicity, which was previously a heavy yardstick for medication choice.
Distinguishing between acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in an emergency setting may pose a conundrum for physicians, especially when a patient’s medical history and records are unknown. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) has proved valuable as a marker of CKD and is frequently assayed for this reason. The use of PTH as a sole marker of CKD may be misleading in certain conditions, and for this reason, physicians need to interpret PTH values with caution. In patients with no existing medical records, it is vital to consider their overall clinical picture, an accurate interpretation of urinalysis and urine microscopy, and the PTH values when making the initial management decisions.
Abdominal pain is a very common presentation in the emergency department (ED). The pain is often wellcharacterized and leads to the diagnosis, but often, the presentation is vague and nonspecific. Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) dissection is a rare cause of abdominal pain that presents with nonspecific epigastric pain and is common in males, middle age, and patients of Asian descent. A high index of suspicion is usually helpful with imaging modalities such as computer tomography (CT) scan and ultrasonography in experienced hands. A prompt diagnosis is vital to managing this disease which may range from non-surgical intervention with supportive therapy to invasive endovascular procedures and surgery. Here, we report a case of an isolated SMA dissection presenting with vague abdominal symptoms and highlight the need to explore the vascular etiology of abdominal pain as their diagnosis is often difficult and may result in irreversible bowel injury when missed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.