Background A lot of factors contribute to the breeding of Anopheles mosquitoes, especially vectors of malaria parasites. This indirectly contributes to the transmission of these parasites. The physicochemical parameters associated with the population of Anopheles larvae were studied for the period of twelve months in five selected communities in Akure North Local Government area of Ondo State. This study was carried out to understand the relationship between selected physicochemical parameters and the population of Anopheles larvae in the study area. Results Electrical conductivity was significantly correlated with the abundance of An. gambiae and An. funestus in the area (r = 0.840 and 0.843, respectively). Abundance of Anopheles larvae follows a positive linear regression with electrical conductivity (R2 = 0.691). The pH was not significantly different in all the communities (P > 0.05); pH was negatively correlated with the abundance of An. gambiae and An. funestus larvae, r = − 0.530 and − 0.470, respectively. Anopheles larvae population decreases as pH increases (R2 = 0.292). Total dissolved solid was positively correlated with the abundance of Anopheles larvae, though the correlation was weak (r = 0.21). There was slightly increase in Anopheles larvae population as total dissolved solid increases (R2 = 0.048). The abundance of Anopheles larvae increases as the dissolved oxygen, R2 = 0.552. Dissolved oxygen was not significantly correlated with Anopheles larvae population (r = − 0.734 and − 0.789 , respectively), there was no significant difference across the study area (P > 0.05). Temperature was significantly correlated with the abundance of Anopheles larvae (r = 0.74). Anopheles larvae increase as the temperature increases (R2 = 0.582). Conclusions The study revealed the important physicochemical parameters that influence the abundance of Anopheles larvae in the study area. Manipulation of these important parameters could help in reducing the population of the immature stages of this vector.
Members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and Anophelesfunestus group are significant vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium species in the Afro-tropical region of the world. Molecular identification and variation in the wing were studied among female An.Gambiae complex and An. funestus group, to investigate morphological variations in the wing of local vectors populations of adult female mosquitoes found in five different locations in Akure North Local Government Area of Ondo State (Oba—Ile, Igoba, Isinigbo, Ita—Ogbolu and Iju). The variations in the wing character were found in the 3rd main dark spot area (Pre-apical dark spot—character 8) on the coastal region (Vein region I) of Anopheles gambiae complex wing; with two types (A and B) of wings identified with An. gambiae complex in the study area. Molecular study shows that all the wing type A are Anopheles gambiae s.s., they represent 53.39% of the total An. gambiae complex in the study area. Some of the Anopheles gambiae s.s. (28.30%) and all An. arabiensis (18.30%) were found with wing type B. Among 750 individual Anopheles mosquito species identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR method), 433 samples representing 57.73% were An. gambiae s.s. while 97 (12.93%) samples were An. arabiensis. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area. Anopheles leesoni mosquitoes identified in the study location were 182, representing 24.27% of the total Anopheles mosquito species identified using the molecular method. Anopheles gambiae s.s., An. arabiensis, and An. leesoni are only Anopheles mosquito species responsible for malaria transmission in the study area. Anopheles leesoni was the only member of the An. funestus group identified in the study area.
The prevalence and socioeconomic status of Urinary Schistosomiasis in the riverine areas of Ilaje Local Government in Ondo State, Nigeria was surveyed. This was done by examining people from five (5) selected villages in the area. A total of 2052 urine samples were collected and examined out of which 994 (representing 48.4% of the total population tested) were infected with Schistosoma haematobium parasite. The prevalence of infection was found to be high in Ode -mahin where 237 individuals were infected out of 454 examined; i.e. 52.2%, Ugbo -nla (49.9%), Orioke -Iwamimo (48.9%), Abe -Alala (45.9%), and the least was 44.5% from Maran. The overall prevalence of infection was significantly higher in males (553 infected cases out of 1030 examined. i.e. 53.7%) than in females (441 infected cases out of 1022 examined, representing 43.15%). Across different age groups (4-6; 7-9; and 10-12) the prevalence of infection was 39.2%, 53.8%, and 56.9% in males Case Study
Background The study of habitat preference and identification of malaria vector is one of the important steps in malaria control. Knowledge of local Anopheles mosquitoes capable of transmitting malaria parasites has contributed largely to the reduction in the menace caused by malaria infection. This present study examined the habitat nature and identified the species of Anopheles mosquitoes involved in malaria parasites transmission in the study area. Monthly collection and identification of the fourth larval stage was carried out from October 2018 to September 2019. Result The prevalence of An. gambiae complex and An. funestus larvae was 95.86 and 4.15%, respectively. The highest (14.17%) and the least (4.25%) number of larvae were collected in the month of November and May, respectively. Out of the total number of Anopheles mosquito larvae collected during the wet season, 69.77% of the larvae was collected from the clean habitat, while 30.23% was collected from the dirty habitats. During the dry season, the larvae dwell more in dirty aquatic habitat, with 64.74% of the larvae collected from the dirty habitats, while 35.27% was recorded from clean habitats. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the electrical conductivity when comparing both seasons (P = 0.19; X2 = 53.14). The average recorded electrical conductivity in dry and wet seasons were 350.76 µS/cm and 178.91 µS/cm, respectively. The pH recorded in dry and wet seasons were 6.78 and 7.04, respectively. There was no significant difference in the pH when both seasons were compared (P = 0.13; X2 = 54.89). The total dissolve solid where not significant different (P = 0.58; X2 = 13.35) when both seasons were compared. The temperature (P = 0.04; X2 = 43.54) and dissolve oxygen (P = 0.00; X2 = 30.09) were significantly different comparing dry and wet seasons in all the habitats where the immature stages of Anopheles mosquitoes were collected. Conclusion The study revealed major vector of malaria parasite in the study location, also the pattern of their breeding during dry and rainy season which is influenced by some selected ecological factors.
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