Carbon isotopes of soil organic matter (SOM) were used to evaluate and establish the chronology of the vegetation dynamics of an ecosystem presently composed of savannas surrounded by forests. The study was carried out on a 200-km transect along highway BR 319, on the border of Amazonas and Rondônia states, in southern Amazon, Brazil. Large ranges in δ 13 C values were observed in SOM collected from profiles in the savanna (−27 to −14‰) and forest regions (−26 to −19‰), reflecting changing distribution of 13 C-depleted C 3 forest and 13 C-enriched C 4 savanna vegetation in response to climate change. These results indicate that from about 17,000 to 9000 14 C yr B.P., the study area was covered by forest vegetation. Between approximately 9000 and 3000 14 C yr B.P., savanna vegetation expanded at the expense of the forest. Although the expansion of savanna did not occur with the same intensity along the study transect, this process was very clearly registered by 13 Cenrichment in the SOM. Since 3000 14 C yr B.P., the carbon isotope data suggest that forested regions have expanded. This study adds to the mounting evidence that extensive forested areas existed in the Amazon during the last glaciation and that savanna vegetation expanded in response to warm and dry conditions during the early to middle Holocene. C 2001 University of Washington.

ABSTRACT. This study, which was carried out in the southern Brazilian Amazon region (Rond8nia state and Humaita, Southern Amazon state), presents and discusses the significance of carbon isotope data measured in soil profiles collected across natural boundaries of forest to savanna vegetation. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the expansionregression dynamics of these vegetation units in relation to climate changes during the Holocene. 14C data from charcoal, soil organic matter (SOM) and its component humin fraction indicate that the organic matter in the studied soils is essentially Holocene in origin. 13C data indicate that C3 type plants were the dominant vegetation at all study areas in the early Holocene, and during the entire Holocene, in the forest sites of Central Rond8nia state and in the forest site 50 km from the city of Humaita.13C data also indicate that C4 plants have influenced significantly the vegetation at the transitional forest and the Cerrado (wooded savanna) sites of Southern Rond8nia state and the forest ecosystem located 20 km from the Humaita city.These typical C4 type isotopic signatures probably reflect a drier climate during the mid-Holocene. The 13C records representing probably the last 3000 yr show an expansion of the forest, due to a climatic improvement, in areas previously occupied by savanna vegetation. These results and other published data for the Amazon region indicate that the areas representing today's forest-savanna boundaries have been determined by significant vegetation changes during the Holocene. The boundary between forest and savanna vegetation seems to be quite sensitive to climatic change and should be the focus of more extensive research to correlate climate and past vegetation dynamics in the Amazon region.

The study place is in the Barreirinhas region, Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. A vegetation transect of 78 km was studied among four vegetation types: Restinga (coastal vegetation), Cerrado (woody savanna), Cerrad"o (dense woody savanna), and Forest, as well as three forested sites around Lagoa do Caçó, located approximately 10 km of the transect. Soil profiles in this transect were sampled for δ13C analysis, as well as buried charcoal fragments were used for 14C dating. The data interpretation indicated that approximately between 15,000 and ∽9000 14C yr B.P., arboreal vegetation prevailed in the whole transect, probably due to the presence of a humid climate. Approximately between ∽9000 and 4000–3000 14C yr B.P., there was the expansion of the savanna, probably related to the presence of drier climate. From ∽4000–3000 14C yr B.P. to the present, the results indicated an increase in the arboreal density in the area, due to the return to a more humid and probably similar climate to the present. The presence of buried charcoal fragments in several soil depths suggested the occurrence of palaeofires during the Holocene. The vegetation dynamic inferred in this study for northeastern Brazil is in agreement with the results obtained in areas of Amazon region, based on pollen analysis of lake sediments and carbon isotope analysis of soil organic matter (SOM), implying than similar climatic conditions have affected these areas during the late Pleistocene until the present.

During the Pleistocene a fauna composed of large (biomass > 44 kg) and giant mammals (biomass > 1000 kg) that are usually associated with open environments lived in the Brazilian Intertropical Region. We present here new information concerning the paleoecology and chronology of some species of this megafauna. Carbon isotope analyses were performed for a better understanding of the paleoecology of the species Eremotherium laurillardi (Lund, 1842), Notiomastodon platensis (Ameghino, 1888) and Toxodon platensis (Owen, 1849). The δ13C data allow attributing a generalist diet to these species, which varied according to the kind of habitat in which they lived. In more open habitats all species were grazers; in mixed habitats E. laurillardi and T. platensis were mixed feeders, and N. platensis was grazer; and in more closed habitats all species were mixed feeders.

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ResumoCom o emprego dos isótopos do carbono ( 12 C, 13 C, 14 C) da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e das plantas, é apresentado um estudo comparativo entre perfis orgânicos de solos formados em depressões de áreas cobertas por ecossistemas de campos e florestas ao sul do estado do Amazonas, visando o entendimento da dinâmica da paleovegetação. A dinâmica da vegetação atual na região foi avaliada utilizando-se estudos fitossociológicos e caracterizações botânica e isotópica (δ 13 C) das espécies de plantas presentes em duas bordas floresta-campo. Teores de carbono orgânico total foram superiores nas camadas superficiais no campo, quando comparados com a floresta. Dados de δ 13 C associados à cronologia do 14 C indicaram predomínio de plantas C 3 no início do Holoceno em ambos os ecótonos. Entre aproximadamente 7.000-3.000 anos AP verificou-se a influência crescente de plantas C 4 , indicando regressão da floresta com possível presença de um clima mais seco. A partir de aproximadamente 3.000 anos AP os dados sugeriram expansão da floresta provavelmente relacionada ao retorno a um clima mais úmido. A presença de algumas espécies características da borda, como a Sclerolobium paniculatum e Himatanthus sucuuba, nos campos, sugere o atual avanço da floresta sobre os mesmos. Estas espécies estariam sendo as bioindicadoras desse avanço. PALAVRAs-CHAVeIsótopos do carbono, Dinâmica de vegetação, Holoceno, Fitossociologia, Amazônia. Vegetation dynamics during the Holocene in a forest-savanna transition, Southern Amazon Basin, based on isotope and phytosociological studiesAbstRACt This paper presents a comparative study between organic soil horizons formed in depressions located at the forest/savanna boundary in the Southern Amazon Basin. The influence of the paleovegetation dynamics, based on carbon isotope ( 12 C, 13 C and 14 C) data of soil organic matter (SOM) and plants was evaluated, as well as the present vegetation dynamics, inferred from the modern vegetation structure, composition and phytosociology. The uppermost soil horizon in savanna showed higher total carbon content than in forest. 13 C and 14 C data from soil samples indicated a predominance of C 3 plants in the early Holocene. About 7000 to 3000 14 C yr BP the influence of C 4 plants increased, indicating savanna expansion probably related to a drier climate in the region. Since approximately 3000 14 C yr BP, the carbon isotope data suggest the expansion of forest probably due to a wetter climate. The presence of typical boundary plant species (Sclerolobium paniculatum and Himatanthus sucuuba) in the savanna also suggested present forest expansion.

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Abstract:This report aimed to investigate the chemical composition and possible antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil from fresh leaves of Myrcia pubiflora DC., Myrtaceae (EOMP), through different experimental tests. The essential oil of M. pubiflora (EOMP) was obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC-MS, and tested at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg (i.p.) in three different tests of nociception (acetic acid-induced writhing test, formalin test, and hot plate test) and one test of inflammation (leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity) in order to evaluate the motor activity in mice treated with EOMP. The major component of EOMP was caryophyllene oxide (22.16%). This oil significantly reduced the number of writhes in an acetic acid test and the time spent licking the paw at the second phase of the formalin test. Furthermore, EOMP inhibited the carrageenan-induced leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity. However, administration of EOMP did not alter reaction time in the hot plate test, and did not affect the motor coordination test. These results indicate antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties of EOMP probably mediated via inhibition of inflammatory mediator synthesis or other peripheral pathway.