Bullying is a form of aggression in which children are intentionally intimidated, harassed or harmed. The key elements of bullying include aggression, repetition and an imbalance of power between the bully and the victim. 1 Bullying can impact the physical, emotional and social health of a child. One literature review reports that victims of bullying are more likely to report sleep disturbances, abdominal pain, headaches, sadness, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety and suicidal thoughts. 1 A Canadian study reviewing bullying among schoolchildren found that the long-term consequences of being a victim of bullying included mental health problems, criminality, school drop-out and unemployment. 2 Regrettably, a large Canadian study found no reduction in bullying prevalence in a sample of schoolchildren after their participation in a school-based anti-bullying program. 3 In fact, a literature review on childhood bullying concluded that we still need a clearer picture on the nature and prevalence of bullying in North America. 4 As such, the main objective of our study was to determine the unadjusted and adjusted risk indicators associated with physical bullying among children in grades 5-8. The second objective was to describe the impact of repeated physical bullying on health outcomes -namely depressed mood. METHODSEvery student in grades 5-8 attending school in the city of Saskatoon, Canada, was asked to complete the Saskatoon School Health Survey in February of 2008. There were 9,825 youth registered in grades 5-8 in the public and catholic school boards.The bullying survey used was the Safe School Study developed by the Canadian Public Health Association, which was based on a survey used by the World Health Organization. 3,5 This survey measures the prevalence of bullying by asking "In the past four weeks, how often have you been bullied by other students… [physically, verbally, socially or electronically]". There are four potential responses: never, once or twice a month, every week or many times

Direct vaccine delivery to health facilities in Kano, through a streamlined architecture, has resulted in decreased stock-outs and improved stock adequacy. Concurrent operation of insourced and outsourced programs has enabled Kano build in-house logistics capabilities.

Telephone reminder systems have some benefit in increasing child immunization coverage rates.

Smoking prevalence among on-reserve First Nations youth is quite high. The identification of four main risk indicators should assist with the design of youth smoking prevention and cessation programs.

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