This paper seeks to define and compare Brazilian national development strategies during the Cardoso and Lula administrations. Assuming a political economy perspective, we first provide a context for understanding contemporary Brazilian development by defining the developmental state characterizing Brazilian governance from 1930 to 1985, followed by an overview of the theoretical arguments underlying the reform process. Using an historical deductive methodology, we explore the national development strategies of the two administrations through a narrative of their divergent agendas and the economic and social policies they engendered. Finally, we consider the similarities and distinctions between development policies occurring in the periods under analysis, drawing attention to the evolving character and role of a reformed, but still intact, developmental state in Brazil.
politan areas steeper than among their urban counterparts (Ziliak 2018). Labor-force participation rates declined during the Great Recession and never fully recovered, then steeply declined again during the COVID-19 pandemic (Guilford and Cambon 2020); the degree to which individuals will reenter the labor force remains to be seen.Long-term changes in labor-force participation have taken place alongside deep changes "Disconnected" Men: Understanding Men's Joint Roles as Workers and Romantic Partners sa r a h h a lper n-meek in a nd a da m ta lk ington A growing portion of men are disconnected from the formal labor market. Scholars have relied on men's absence from the pool of "marriageable men" to explain declining marriage rates. Using interviews with sixtyone prime-age men who are out of the labor force, we examine the understanding men in nonmetropolitan areas have about how their workforce status conflicts with, comports with, or is unrelated to their role in a romantic union. Most do not judge their work status as making them "unmarriageable." Some cite relationship obligations as conflicting with employment; others believe they fulfill the provider role through activities such as cash work and self-provisioning. Researchers should recognize the alternative ways men fulfill roles as resource providers, which we find go beyond formal employment. Men do value work, but they do not always define and prioritize work in the ways that have been the dominant focus of research.
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