Declared relationship status on Facebook can serve as a public commitment and as an extra layer of a couple’s security. However, the question arises: do those who report the relationship status feel stronger romantic love and jealousy toward their partners than those who do not share such information publicly? To test this assumption, profile information and questionnaire data of romantic love and jealousy were gathered from 292, 230 females) respondents that were in a relationship. Our results suggest that announcing the relationship status is associated with elevated romantic love and jealousy. Therefore, being “Facebook official” can be interpreted as a tie-sign indicating that the couple is “out of the market,” and can promote their unity as a “digital wedding ring.”
Background Data breaches in health care are on the rise, emphasizing the need for a holistic approach to mitigation efforts. Objective The purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive framework for modeling and analyzing health care professionals’ information security practices related to their individual characteristics, such as their psychological, social, and cultural traits. Methods The study area was a hospital setting under an ongoing project called the Healthcare Security Practice Analysis, Modeling, and Incentivization (HSPAMI) project. A literature review was conducted for relevant theories and information security practices. The theories and security practices were used to develop an ontology and a comprehensive framework consisting of psychological, social, cultural, and demographic variables. Results In the review, a number of psychological, social, and cultural theories were identified, including the health belief model, protection motivation theory, theory of planned behavior, and social control theory, in addition to some social demographic variables, to form a comprehensive set of health care professionals’ characteristics. Furthermore, an ontology was developed from these theories to systematically organize the concepts. The framework, called the psychosociocultural (PSC) framework, was then developed from the various combined psychological and sociocultural attributes of the ontology. The Human Aspect of Information Security Questionnaire was adopted as a comprehensive tool for gathering staff security practices as mediating variables in the framework. Conclusions Data breaches occur often in health care today. This frequency has been attributed to the lack of experience of health care professionals in information security, the lack of development of conscious care security practices, and the lack of motivation to incentivize health care professionals. The frequent data breaches in health care threaten the mutual trust between health care professionals and patients, which implicitly impacts the quality of the health care service. The modeling and analysis of health care professionals’ security practices can be conducted with the PSC framework by combining methods of statistical survey, observations, and interviews in relation to PSC variables, such as perceptions (perceived benefits, perceived threats, and perceived barriers) or psychological traits, social factors, cultural factors, and social demographics.
This study aimed at analyzing the extent to which publicly observable pieces of information representing stakeholders' past and current choices can be utilized for the construction of motivational profiles. Motivation is operationalized by the theory of Basic Human Values, which organizes 10 values capturing distinct aspects of human motivation into a hierarchical order. The construction of motivational profiles for individual stakeholders is motivated by the need to enhance the existing decision-maker model in the Conflicting Incentives Risk Analysis (CIRA) method. This study utilized an online questionnaire to collect responses from participants (n = 331) about a wide range of habits and personal items that are easily observable in various contexts by an analyst. The validity of the set of observables as surrogate predictors of the motivational profiles is evaluated by various methods (i.e. comparison to previous results, cross-validation of models, comparison to test-retest reliability of the psychometric instrument) and techniques (calculation of prediction interval for individual profile scores). The assessment of the uncertainties associated with predicting motivational profiles is explored in detail. Additionally, an example illustrates how the profiles can be utilized for the assessment of action desirability (i.e. prediction of behavior) based on the utility calculations established in CIRA. The results contribute to an improved understanding about the accuracy with which human stakeholder motivation can be inferred from public observables and utilized within the context of information security risk analysis. INDEX TERMS Conflicting Incentives Risk Analysis, human motivation, public observables, profiling, risk analysis, stakeholder behavior.
The safety and security of critical infrastructures is both a technical and a social issue. However, most risk analysis methods focus predominantly on technical aspects and ignore the impact strategic human decisions have on the behavior of systems. Furthermore, the high degree of complexity and lack of historical data for probability estimations in case of new and emerging systems seriously limit the practical utility of traditional risk analysis methods. The Conflicting Incentives Risk Analysis (CIRA) method concentrates on human decisionmakers to address these problems. However, the method's applicability is restricted by the fact that humans are not represented in the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM) which is the industry's most well-known model of the Smart Grid ecosystem. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to establish a connection between CIRA and SGAM by proposing the SGAM-H, an enhanced version of the original architecture model complemented by the Human Layer. The development and evaluation of the artifact is guided by the Design Science Research methodology. The evaluation presents a working example of applying the CIRA method on a scenario involving intra-organizational risks at a Distribution System Operator. The key benefit of the SGAM-H is that it enables the construction of a common understanding among stakeholders about risks related to key decision-makers, which is a fundamental first step towards forming a more complete picture about potential issues affecting the electric grids of the future.
The primary purpose of this study is to demonstrate how publicly observable pieces of information can be used to build various psychological profiles that can be utilized for the prediction of behavior within a risk analysis framework 1 . In order to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed method, publicly available interview data is processed from a sample of chief executive officers (CEOs) using the IBM Watson Personality Insights service. The hypothesis-that group membership gives rise to a specific selection bias-is investigated by analyzing the IBM Watson-derived personality profiles at the aggregate level. The profiles are represented by two major theories of motivation and personality: the Basic Human Values and the Big Five models. Both theories are evaluated in terms of their utility for predicting adverse behavioral outcomes. The results show that both models are useful for identifying group-level differences between (1) the sample of CEOs and the general population, and (2) between two groups of CEOs, when a history of rule-breaking behavior is considered. The predictive performance evaluation conducted on the current sample shows that the binary logistic regression model built from the Basic Human Values outperforms the Big Five model, and that it provides a practically more useful measurement of individual differences. These results contribute to the development of a risk analysis method within the domain of information security, which addresses human-related risks.
UnRizkNow is a community of practice for cyber security practitioners in Norway. It is imperative for the establishment of UnRizkNow to identify the underlying risks that can affect the normal operation of the community. This paper presents a study to carry out a risk assessment of UnRizkNow CoP using conflicting incentive risk analysis (CIRA) method. The main contribution of this research work is to identify and analyze the risks that can be obtained from the conflicts in the incentives of members and organizer in UnRizkNow. This paper also presents risk treatment plan in terms of incentives as suggested by CIRA method. The findings of this study are helpful to establish UnRizkNow community, and also for the researchers who want to analyze human risks in a system.
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