The cytoplasmic iron regulatory protein (IRP) modulates iron homeostasis by binding to iron-responsive elements (IREs) in the transferrin receptor and ferritin mRNAs to coordinately regulate transferrin receptor mRNA stability and ferritin mRNA translational efficiency, respectively. These studies demonstrate that thyroid hormone (T 3 ) can modulate the binding activity of the IRP to an IRE in vitro and in vivo. T 3 augmented an iron-induced reduction in IRP binding activity to a ferritin IRE in RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assays using cytoplasmic extracts from human liver hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Hepatic IRP binding to the ferritin IRE also diminished after in vivo administration of T 3 with iron to rats. In transient transfection studies using HepG2 cells and a human ferritin IRE-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (H-IRE-CAT) construct, T 3 augmented an iron-induced increase in CAT activity by ϳ45%. RNase protection analysis showed that this increase in CAT activity was not due to a change in the steady state level of CAT mRNA. Nuclear T 3 -receptors may be necessary for this T 3 -induced response, because the effect could not be reproduced by the addition of T 3 directly to cytoplasmic extracts and was absent in CV-1 cells which lack T 3 -receptors. We conclude that T 3 can functionally regulate the IRE binding activity of the IRP. These observations provide evidence of a novel mechanism for T 3 to up-regulate hepatic ferritin expression, which may in part contribute to the elevated serum ferritin levels seen in hyperthyroidism.The iron regulatory protein (IRP, 1 previously known as the iron-responsive element-binding protein, IRE-BP, and iron responsive factor, IRF) is a trans-acting RNA-binding protein which binds with high affinity to conserved stem-loop structures, iron-responsive elements (IREs), present in the ferritin, transferrin receptor (TfR), and erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNAs (1-3). The IRP serves a central role in the regulation of iron (Fe) homeostasis (1). In the absence of iron, the IRP binds to the IRE in the 5Ј-untranslated region (5Ј-UTR) of ferritin and erythroid 5-aminolevulinate synthase mRNAs and represses translation (4 -6). Binding of the IRP to IREs in the 3Ј-untranslated region (3Ј-UTR) of TfR mRNA stabilizes the mRNA and prevents its degradation (7-9). In iron-replete states, the reverse holds, which results in increased ferritin translation and decreased TfR mRNA stability. This reciprocal regulation is achieved at the post-translational level and is independent of new protein synthesis (10).Two IRPs have been defined in various human and rat tissues (3, 11, 12). The most widely expressed and abundant IRP in human tissues is IRP1 (1, 3). A second human IRP (IRP2) has been described recently. IRP2 is 57% identical with IRP1 at the amino acid level and 2-10 times less abundant than IRP1 in most tissues, except in the brain (3). In contrast to IRP1, cellular concentrations of IRP2 are inversely regulated by iron levels due to iron-dependent regulation of the half-lif...
Thyroid hormone (T3) regulates the expression of rat TSH beta-subunit (TSH beta) mRNA, in part, at the posttranscriptional level, by reducing the half-life of TSH beta mRNA. The mechanism(s) mediating this alteration in mRNA stability are unknown, but previous work indicates that labile protein(s) are involved. The majority of cis-acting elements identified to date that have been implicated in the regulated destabilization of mRNAs have been located in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the mRNA. The 3'-UTR of rat, murine, and human TSH beta mRNA is highly conserved, and within this region is a 12-nucleotide consensus sequence, which is shared by the 3'-UTR of several other genes with unstable mRNAs. We reasoned that this homologous region could represent a binding motif for specific trans-acting RNA-binding protein(s), and that identification and characterization of such trans-acting factor(s) may provide critical insight into the mechanisms underlying T3-induced changes in TSH beta mRNA stability. Utilizing the RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay and analysis of UV cross-linked RNA-protein complexes, a cytoplasmic trans-acting factor of approximately 80-85 kilodaltons was identified from rat pituitaries and several cell lines that binds in a sequence-specific manner to the 3'-UTR of rat TSH beta mRNA. Using competitive antisense oligonucleotides, the predominant binding site was mapped to the first 41 nucleotides of the 3'-UTR, which includes the consensus region. However, sequence upstream of the consensus was also shown to be important for binding. Using RNA electrophoretic mobility shift assay, two mRNAs containing sequence homology with the consensus region, c-erbA alpha-2 and a rat ferritin pseudogene, were shown to specifically compete with rat TSH beta mRNA for binding of this factor. Remarkably, the binding activity of this factor was regulated positively by T3 within 4 h, but only with rat pituitary extracts. These data suggest that in addition to binding rat TSH beta mRNA in a sequence-specific and T3-regulated manner, this novel trans-acting RNA-binding protein may also bind to other cytoplasmic mRNAs involved in diverse intracellular processes.
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