Background: Hippo pathway effectors YAP and TAZ are transcriptional coactivators that regulate cellular proliferation and tumorigenesis. Results: YAP negatively regulates TAZ abundance in a GSK-3-dependent manner. Conclusion: Changes in YAP abundance results in compensatory changes in TAZ to maintain Hippo signaling homeostasis. Significance: This initial reporting of a direct relationship between YAP and TAZ abundances has profound implications for understanding their biological functions.
The choline-deficient, ethionine-supplemented (CDE) dietary model induces chronic liver damage, and stimulates liver progenitor cell (LPC)-mediated repair. Long-term CDE administration leads to hepatocellular carcinoma in rodents and lineage-tracing studies show that LPCs differentiate into functional hepatocytes in this model. The CDE diet was first modified for mice by our laboratory by separately administering choline-deficient chow and ethionine in the drinking water (CD+E diet). Although this CD+E diet is widely used, concerns with variability in weight loss, morbidity, mortality and LPC response have been raised by researchers who have adopted this model. We propose that these inconsistencies are due to differential consumption of chow and ethionine in the drinking water, and that incorporating ethionine in the choline-deficient chow, and altering the strength, will achieve better outcomes. Therefore, C57Bl/6 mice, 5 and 6 weeks of age, were fed an all-inclusive CDE diet of various strengths (67% to 100%) for 3 weeks. The LPC response was quantitated and cell lines were derived. We found that animal survival, LPC response and liver damage are correlated with CDE diet strength. The 67% and 75% CDE diet administered to mice older than 5 weeks and greater than 18 g provides a consistent and acceptable level of animal welfare and induces a substantial LPC response, permitting their isolation and establishment of cell lines. This study shows that an all-inclusive CDE diet for mice reproducibly induces an LPC response conducive to in vivo studies and isolation, whilst minimizing morbidity and mortality.
Skins were compared from 2 groups of 18-month-old Cheviot, Drysdale, and Romney wethers reared under hill country conditions, and offered initial pasture allowances per animal after weaning of either 1.5 or 3.0 kg DWday increasing progressively to 2.0 or 4.0 kg DWday at slaughter. Cheviot skins were more suited to wool-on leather production, whereas Drysdale and Romney pelts were more suited to garment leather production. Cheviot leathers were more resistant to tearing, with a stronger more extensible grain layer, more pinhole, more mottle, and less double-hiding than the other breeds. Drysdale leathers had most cockle, and Romney leathers least pinhole. Improved feeding increased weight, area, and thickness of the leather, occurrence of mottle and neck, resistance to tearing, and the strength and extensibility of the grain layer.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.