Animal‐borne data loggers (ABDLs) or “tags” are regularly used to elucidate animal ecology and physiology, but current literature highlights the need to assess associated deleterious impacts including increased resistive force to motion. Previous studies have used computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to estimate this impact, but many suffer limitations (e.g., inaccurate turbulence modeling, neglecting boundary layer transition, neglecting added mass effects, and analyzing the ABDL in isolation from the animal).
A novel CFD‐based method is presented in which a “tag impact envelope” is defined utilizing simulations with and without transition modeling to define upper and lower drag limits, respectively, and added mass coefficients are found via simulations with sinusoidally varying inlet velocity, with modified Navier‐Stokes conservation of momentum equations enforcing a shift to the animal's noninertial reference frame. The method generates coefficients for calculating total resistive force for any velocity and acceleration combination, and is validated against theory for a prolate spheroid. An example case shows ABDL drag impact on a harp seal of 11.21%–16.24%, with negligible influence on added mass.
By considering the effects of added mass and boundary layer transition, the approach presented is an enhancement to the CFD‐based ABDL impact assessment methods previously applied by researchers.
Design and manufacturing of composite tooling are crucial in producing cost effective composite components with high quality. Aimed at identifying the optimal design of integrally heated tools in terms of their thermal performance, a number of design variables were investigated numerically in a previous study. Statistical analysis of the simulation results revealed that a parallel layout of heating channels can significantly improve the heating performance, and channel separation should be determined according to the production requirement. In the present work, an integrally water-heated tool is manufactured according to the optimal design after some geometry amendments. Thermal properties of the constituent materials of the produced tool are also measured. A numerical model of the tool geometry is simulated with actual material properties and boundary conditions to calculate the response variables of temperature uniformity and heating rate. The numerical results are verified by experimental testing, using a thermal camera and thermocouples. Good agreement between the simulation and the experimental results confirmed the suitability of numerical simulation in predicting the thermal performance of integrally heated tooling and the validity of the boundary conditions.
Whilst there are many benefits of the use of Engineering Group Design Projects (EGDPs) in undergraduate engineering programmes, there are a number of common issues that can compromise their effectiveness as a learning medium. A study was carried out to identify such issues, which used creative thinking methods to identify ways in which they might be addressed. Focus was upon aligning project structure with that typical of industrial practicea goal enhanced by the fact that the author was from an industrial rather than an academic background. As a result, a proposed EGDP structure was developed and trialled at Plymouth University. A key feature of this structure was that the minutes of students' weekly project management meetings were recorded in a spreadsheet-based template which doubled as the project mark sheet. Each individual task recorded in the minutes was peer assessed on completion to adjust the group mark awarded by the lecturer, thus reflecting individual contributions. The trial was a resounding success with excellent student feedback. Resulting design work was of exceptional quality, and the age-old issue of non-contributing group members was effectively eliminated.
Integrally water-heated-of-Temperature variation and temperature cycling, during heating and cooling, affect the properties of tool material and may produce undesirable thermal effects that degrade the tool durability and performance, especially when the tool construction involves various materials. Hence, in the current study, the performance and the thermomechanical behaviour of an integrally water-heated tool have been investigated using finite element analysis method. The intended tool, in the current study, consists different materials of composite and metals and is designed to heat up to 90 C. Linear mechanical properties, CTEs and transient heating curve of each tool part are determined experimentally and set during the numerical analysis of tool structure to calculate the static thermal load effects of deformation, stress and strain. Comparing the numerical thermal effects with the ultimate stresses and strains of the tool materials concluded that no failure occurs with regard to static thermal loads. However, the calculated stresses are as much as the lowest magnitude of safety relates to the tool mould part made of Alepoxy.
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