The discursive and representational aspects of the multiple political, economic and cultural challenges associated with low-carbon urban transitions remain insufficiently explored in the academic literature. This is particularly true in the post-communist states of Eastern and Central Europe (ECE), which have been undergoing an additional transition of their own -from a centrally-planned to a market-based economy. This paper, therefore, explores the manner in which climate change and sustainability narratives have been implicated in the development of 'satellite settlements' -a specific form of sprawl present in the Czech Republic. Much of the paper is focused on investigatng the discursive framings of such areas by relevant state policies and the national media in this country. We have detected several key themes and discursive shifts in the representation of satellite settlements, which may be connected to wider interactions among the dynamics of post-communist and lowcarbon urban transition.
Wild adults ofGlossina morsitans morsitansWestw. andG. pallidipesAust. were caught in a trap baited with carbon dioxide and acetone near Chimotsi Dam in the Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. The design of the trap was such that flies were induced to move into a sterilising chamber, where they were treated with a spray of the chemosterilant metepa, after which they were automatically released back into the environment. Exposure to a spray of 0·2 s duration produced between 94 and 100% sterility, with very low mortality. The sterilising unit, its action and performance are described.
While it has long been clear that convection (not diffusion) is the dominant mechanism for gas exchange in grasshoppers and other large insects, the patterns and mechanisms of air flow within insects remain poorly understood. Based on prior work by Weis‐ Fogh, Miller and Harrison it is believed that air flow in resting grasshoppers enters via the thoracic spiracles, flows longitudinally through the body along the gut, heart, nerve cord and spiracles, and exits primarily via the most terminal spiracles. We used synchrotron x‐ray imaging, high speed video and direct observation of spiracles to understand the patterns and mechanisms of abdominal air flow in the American locust, Schistocerca americana. We found that the abdomen contains collapsible air sacs and tracheae, as well as noncollapsible tracheae. During abdominal pumping, the viscera move anteriorly relative to the spiracles, contributing to compression of the air sacs and some of the tracheae, with others remaining open to allow air flow. In contrast to prior reports, the most caudal spiracles are mostly closed, opening briefly before air sac compression. An anteriorly‐directed compression wave and the timing of opening of the spiracles suggests that expiratory air flow is primarily forward‐directed within the abdomen, exiting via the first abdominal spiracles. Funded by NSF 0938047.
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