A small library of hydraphiles has been prepared that incorporates either 1,4-phenylenedioxy or 2,6-naphthalenedioxy within the spacer chains. The side chains attached to the distal macrocycles in these tris(macrocyclic) compounds are either n-dodecyl or benzyl. The presence of the arenes subunits significantly affect sodium cation release from vesicles. The efficacy of ion transport is paralleled by the toxicity of these compounds to Bacillus subtilis.
Bacterial urinary tract infections (UTIs) afflict millions of people worldwide both in the community and the hospital setting. The onset, duration, and severity of infection depend on the characteristics of the invading pathogen (yin), as well as the immune response elicited by the infected individual (yang). Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) account for the majority of UTIs, and extensive investigations by many scientific groups have elucidated an elaborate pathogenic UPEC life cycle, involving the occupation of extracellular and intracellular niches and the expression of an arsenal of virulence factors that facilitate niche occupation. This review will summarize the current knowledge on UPEC pathogenesis; the host immune responses elicited to combat infection; and it will describe proteomics approaches used to understand UPEC pathogenesis, as well as drive diagnostics and treatment options. Finally, new strategies are highlighted that could be applied toward furthering our knowledge regarding host-bacterial interactions during UTI.
The rise in popularity of "bath salts" as safe alternatives to MDMA, methamphetamine, and other illicit substances has resulted in increased scrutiny of the contents and toxicology associated with these products. We report a case of sudden death related to the synthetic cathinone methylone in a previously healthy 19-year-old man. While several fatal case reports have been published involving methylone and other synthetic cathinones, this is the first reported case of sudden cardiac death associated with methylone use. Our report suggests that methylone toxicity has been greatly underestimated by users of this synthetic cathinone. Toxicology analysis was performed on the decedent's urine and central blood. Drugs-of-abuse immunoassays were performed to screen for amines, cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol, phencyclidine, barbiturates, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), oxycodone, benzodiazepines, 6-acetylmorphine, and opiates. Qualitative analysis was performed on the decedent's urine for forensic volatiles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with a full scan detection method. Identification of known and unknown compounds was then accomplished by referencing the American Academy of Forensic Science library and the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System library. Derivatized methylone was further analyzed from urine and central blood using GC-MS in a selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. A standard curve, a positive control, and the blood and urine for this case were analyzed, which provided quantitative analysis. Methylone was initially detected in the urine, and quantitative analysis revealed a blood concentration of 0.07 mg/dL. No other drugs were detected in the urine or central blood. To our knowledge, our report is the first documented case of sudden death following methylone use. Given that the postmortem blood concentration of methylone was lower than that reported in MDMA deaths, our case suggests the possibility that methylone toxicity has been greatly underestimated. It is important that the potentially severe toxicity of synthetic cathinones be recognized. More diligent reporting of bath salt cases may increase public awareness of the dangers involved with the use of this class of drugs. Furthermore, toxicology screening and reference libraries will require thorough investigation and updating as the number of novel synthetic cathinones continues to grow. Category:Chemistry
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.