We examined associations between riparian canopy cover, presence or absence of cattle, rainfall, solar radiation, month of year, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, salinity, and Enterococcus concentrations in riparian surface soils with Enterococcus geometric mean in-stream water concentrations at Waipā watershed on the north side of the Hawaiian island Kaua’i. Each 1% decrease in riparian canopy cover was associated with a 4.6 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml increase of the geometric mean of Enterococcus in stream water (P < 0.05). Each unit decrease in salinity (ppt) was associated with an increase of Enterococcus by 68.2 MPN/100 ml in-stream water geometric mean concentrations (P < 0.05). Month of year was also associated with increases in stream water Enterococcus geometric mean concentrations (P < 0.05). Reducing riparian canopy cover is associated with Enterococcus increases in stream water, suggesting that decreasing riparian vegetation density could increase fecal bacteria surface runoff.
This study addressed the potential effects on Hawaii's unique fauna of protein bait sprays used in fruit fly eradication programs. We sampled the ground litterinhabiting invertebrates attracted to protein hydrolysate-baited pitfall traps at six localities on the island of Kauai. Twenty-two taxa and possibly 30 species were found in significantly higher numbers in treatment than in control traps. A diverse fauna, including species of land snails (Gastropoda), isopods (Isopoda), millipedes (Diplopoda) and insects (nine families), was attracted to the bait. Flies in the family Drosophilidae may be particularly susceptible to bait sprays, with at least eight species demonstrating attraction. Traps in high-elevation native forest attracted the highest number of species (20) and the most native species (11). The number of native species attracted to the bait decreased with elevation and the proportion of native vegetation, so that no native species were recovered from the two low-elevation agricultural areas. The potential effect of using protein hydrolysate bait sprays for alien fruit fly control in Hawaii is discussed.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.