The aim of this paper was to analyse several measurements of soldiers to provide a reference for trousers sizes of military combat clothing. For sizing and fitting of military clothing, information on the body measurements of the user population is a precondition. More than 400 soldiers in the Estonian and Latvian Defence Forces as well as the military personnel were measured using Human Solution 3-D scanner. It focused on collating basic human body measurement data for the revision of size charts by STANAG 2335. Fit and comfort of trousers mainly relate to the following measurements: waist girth, leg inseam, leg length, and waistband. Present parameters play a significant role in the quality of trousers to ensure the wearer’s mobility in all situations particularly concerning the activities of soldiers. Correlating measurements and existing sizing systems are made to offer recommendations for manufacturers. In addition, this paper helps to provide sizing and fitting criteria of military combat clothing to STANREC document compiled by NATO RTO HFM-266 Group.
The aim of this study was to investigate vaporization properties of shale fuel oil in relation to inhalation exposure. The shale fuel oil was obtained from kukersite oil shale. The shale oil and its light fraction (5 % of the total fuel oil) were characterized by vapor pressure curve, molecular weight distribution, elemental composition and functional groups based on FTIR spectra. The rate of vaporization from the total fuel oil at different temperatures was monitored as a function of time using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is shown that despite its relatively low vapor pressure at room temperature a remarkable amount of oil vaporizes influencing air quality significantly. From the TGA data the changes in the vapor pressure during vaporization process were estimated. Although the shale fuel oil has a strong, unpleasant smell, the main hazards to workplace air quality depend on the vaporization rate of different toxic compounds, such as benzene, toluene, xylene or phenolic compounds. The presence of these hazardous substances in the vapor phase of shale fuel oil was monitored using headspace analysis coupled with selective ion monitoring (SIM) and confirmed by the NIST Mass Spectral library and retention times of standards.
The paper concentrates on the risks of modern technologies (in wood processing and metal industry, spray-painting processes and car washing technologies) in the industrial and office environments on human health. The problems discussed are the following: fine dust (PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 ) penetrating deeply into the lungs; high concentration of carbon dioxide in the air of cities and office areas that are situated close to the transport junctions. The health damages can be described as follows: allergic reactions, hypersensitivity to the bacteria and viruses from the environment; headaches and fatigue; decreased work-life and early retirement. The measurements in the indoor and outdoor environment of carbon dioxide, chemicals and dust were carried out in and near the industrial premises and office-rooms in Estonia. Health risk levels in the industrial and office environments were determined using the worked out simple risk assessment model (connected with the standard EVS-EN 15251) by the authors. The most emphasized problem is the Estonian woodworkers' exposure to wood dust. The wood dust concentration in the air of nearby residential areas has been determined. On the basis of the Estonian legislation, the measurements and the literature data on wood dust hazardousness, the model for determination of wood dust risk levels is worked out. The risk level of wood dust in the example of Estonian wood-processing industry is III to IV in the five levels scale. On the basis of the investigation it has been concluded that the working conditions in the wood processing industry in Estonia in 2011-2012 have been improved compared with the earlier time period (1999)(2000). The better working conditions have been achieved mainly by installing more effective ventilation systems and consistent cleaning of the work areas.
A four-stage health risk assessment model for chemicals and dust in the air of the work environment considering the new legislation, new technologies and market demands was worked out in the current study. The boundary lines between the risk levels were derived from the literature and experimental data. The experiments covered shale fuel oil handling, wood processing, opened car washing, and manufacturing of rubber based details for cars. In the work environment in Estonia, the legislative requirements are usually met and the hazardous and carcinogenic substances have been substituted. The problem arise with new technologies and unpleasant odors of substances during handling. Some workers might be allergic, but others could be disturbed only by the unpleasant odors. Our new four-stage model is based on the standard EN-EVS-15251, but the hazards statements of chemicals were also taken into account. The microclimate conditions influence on the developing the health risk level in the work environment. For example, in the furniture industry, where wood dust is the major risk factor, the disturbances of wood dust on health depend on the microclimate parameters such as relative humidity and temperature. Higher humidity and lower temperature of the air allow to reduce the spread of wood dust. The origin of the specific odor of shale oil (complex mixture) in the air of the work environment is difficult to determine. The workplace air quality depends on the vaporization rate of different toxic compounds, such as cyclohexa-1,3,5-triene, methylbenzene, 1,2-dimethylbenzene, hydroxybenzene etc. The presence of these hazardous substances were measured with the portable FTIR/FT-NIR spectrometer Interspec 301-X with open optical path. The dust concentration was measured with Haz-Dust5000 and particle distribution in wood dust with Fritsch Particle Sizer "analysette 22".
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.