Suyatna I, Bratawinata AA, SidikAS, Ruchaemi A (2011) Demersal fishes and their distribution in estuarine waters of Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 12: 204-210. The study aimed (i) to identify of the demersal fishes, (ii) to analyze the diversity and (iii) to determine their distribution. Surveys were carried out between August 2009 and January 2010 in Mahakam Delta, East Kalimantan. Data were analyzed using several indices of Shannon Weaver, Simpson, Margalef species richness, and Bray Curtis distance. The canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was also used to correlate between fish species and their environmental factors and to show the fish distribution. Sixty samplings were done using bottom-trawl at various water depths from one to forty two meters to collect the data. Taxonomically, during the study, 10 orders, 61 families, 87 genera and 131 species of fish with 43340 individuals were identified. Among the families, Leiognathidae was the most important group of fish, they distributed throughout the depths. Meanwhile CCA showed that Leiognathidae and Sciaenidae were observed to be rich in the shallow water. Generally, index of Shannon Weaver, Simpson and Margalef species richness ranged between; 0.52 and 2.48; 0.11 and 0.82; 2.24 and 18.61 respectively. Bray Curtis distanceindicated the significant difference of individual number of demersal fishes between shallow and deep waters.Key words: Mahakam delta, water depth, trawl, demersal fish, canonical correspondence analysis
The decrease in groundnut pod yield is mainly influenced by disease infestation, especially bacterial wilt and foliar diseases. The objectives of this experiment were to determine the response and tolerance of groundnut genotypes to bacterial wilt, leaf spot and rust diseases, and seed infection by Aspergillus flavus. The planting materials were 25 genotypes (11 Indonesian cultivars, 12 lines introduced from ICRISAT, 1 Indonesian promising line, and 1 local cultivar) with various superiorities on diseases resistance. This study was arranged in a randomized completely block design with triplicate. The results indicated that both genotypes from ICRISAT and Indonesia had similar response to leaf spot i.e. ranging from susceptible (score 6-7) to highly susceptible (8-9). The score for rust ranged from moderately resistant to susceptible. The average pod yield was 23.1 g/plant (from 11.9 g to 29.5 g), and 13 and 12 genotypes produced pods higher and lower than the average value, respectively. ICGV 86158 and ICGV 95322 had the highest and lowest seeds as well as pod productivity, respectively. The ICRISAT genotypes were susceptible to Ralstonia solanacearum infection, except for ICGV 86590. Among the Indonesian cultivars, those with Valencia type of growth, relatively had better resistance to bacterial infection. These cultivars were also resistant to rust and A. flavus infection.
Background: Artificial reefs can be utilized as new habitats to restore fish populations in degraded coral reef environments. This study evaluated the restoring ability of the artificial reef set at Gusung Batu Lampe should be investigated by observing the fish population colonizing the reef. Methods: A fish visual census was applied to identify the species and count their numbers at the site. Underwaterline transect was used to limit the observation area to 200 m2 measured with 50m roll meter. The reef structure comprised 34 tetrahedral concrete blocks arranged in a row, which was 60 cm x 60 cm at the base, 35 cm x 35 cm on top and 60 cm high, and has four holes. Two scuba divers descended, one to ensure the safety of the divers and the other to observe the fish. Each dive took place over 30–45 minutes, and was conducted at 09:00, 13:00 and 17:00. Surveys were performed four times: in November and December 2016, and in January and July 2017. Results: Results showed that fish colonization composed of 180 to 283 individual number with taxa between 13 and 25 species. Number of fish in colonization was found significant difference among observation times, and fish species from the family Chaetodontidae were observed in every survey. Conclusions: A total of 38 fish species from 16 families were identified colonizing the reef during surveys, and in four month observation the fish colonization size increased from the fish density of 1/4.444 m2 to 1/1.481 m2, confirming the ability of the reef to restore fish population.
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