The distinction between this paper and other similar-topics paper is mainly the focus of the paper. This paper focuses on the urgency of agrarian conflict resolution (which covers the latent and factual human rights violence dimensions) as a precondition to fulfill civil and political rights. Hopefully this papercan be used as a reference by any relevant stake-holders to take action about the deterioration of political rights especially during the local election period. This paper concludes that the protection of political rights will improve peoples live in the future.
This study attempts to analyse the effectiveness of intellectual property law enforcement by civil servant investigator. By applying the psychological type of the cognitive function, this study finds that: first, internally the civil servant investigator has in principal conducted their normative duties, although it yet to be ideal. Several internal factors that affect such a situation covering: (i) there is yet an organizing structure of IP investigator at the Law and Human Rights Regional Offices; and (ii) mismanagement in managing and positioning the investigators, as some are currently working in units outside the investigations duty. Second, externally based on normative review, it could be understood that IP law enforcement could be pursued through various mechanisms. In this context, the law has yet to endow the civil servant investigator an authority to get involved in penal mediation, which by and large delimits their ability in enforcing the law. IntisariKajian ini mencoba menggambarkan efektivitas penegakan hukum oleh PPNS di bidang kekayaan intelektual (KI). Dengan menggunakan psychological type of the cognitive function, ditemukan bahwa: Pertama, secara internal PPNS KI (KI) sudah menjalankan tugas dan fungsi PPNS KI, meskipun belum pada level ideal. Faktor-faktor internal yang memengaruhi hal tersebut yakni: (i) belum terdapat struktur PPNS KI di Kantor Wilayah Hukum dan HAM, dan (ii) penempatan PPNS ke dalam jabatan atau posisi tertentu yang tidak relevan dengan tugas dan wewenang PPNS. Kedua, secara eksternal berdasarkan tinjauan normatif, dipahami bahwa penegakan hukum KI dapat menempuh beberapa jalur. Adapun normativitas kewenangan PPNS yang tidak mencakup ranah mediasi penal justru menyebabkan kewenangan mereka menjadi sangat terbatas.
The concept of a private limited company was first introduced in the Job Creation Law which is different from the concept of a company in the previous regulation. It is important to dig deeper into the concept of a private limited company: is it possible for a company legal entity to only have a single shareholder or it must be established by a minimum of 2 (two) persons as shareholders? Therefore, this paper applied the normative juridical method, which is believed to be able to answer the aforementioned problem. This paper reviewed the concept of a private limited company juxtaposed with the concept of a company that was in effect before the Job Creation Act and elaborated on the development of company regulations in Indonesian Law. In conclusion, it is found that the basic concept of a private limited company (as a legal entity) can be established by 1 (one) person, as the founder and sole shareholder, that is, as long as the establishment of the company is authorized by the state. Furthermore, the development of company legal arrangements in Indonesian law shows that the law must be responsive to the development of society. This is evident from several changes in the regulation of company law in Indonesia to accommodate the needs of economic development in society.
The distinction between this paper and other similar-topics paper is mainly the focus of the paper. This paper focuses on the urgency of agrarian conflict resolution (which covers the latent and factual human rights violence dimensions) as a precondition to fulfill civil and political rights. Hopefully this papercan be used as a reference by any relevant stake-holders to take action about the deterioration of political rights especially during the local election period. This paper concludes that the protection of political rights will improve peoples live in the future.
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