Cu-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared; the effect of Cu on optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles to shift its absorption edge toward visible light region was studied. By using a green synthesis mechanism were obtained TiO2 nanoparticles, and trough wet -impregnation method using copper sulfate as precursor were obtained Cu-TiO2 nanoparticles. The synthesized material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), UV-VIS diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis/RDS). FTIR characterization have been made to confirm the formation of TiO2. Through EDS analysis was determined the ion dopant percent in each sample. Morphological properties and particle size were identified by SEM micrographs, which disclose a spherical shape with an average size between 70 and 27.3 nm. UV-VIS/RDS spectrum showed that the band gap energy decreases with the increase of Cu concentration in TiO2, for that reason, doped nanoparticles had activity under visible light irradiation.

Proton exchange membranes were synthesized from the Polyvinyl Alcohol copolymer (PVA) crosslinked with potassium hydroxide (KOH) and formaldehyde (CH2O), and loaded with vanadium pentoxide in amounts of 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% to evaluate their application in fuel cells. The physicochemical and mechanical properties of the membranes were characterized. The results show that the membrane loaded at 1.5% presented the highest ion exchange capacity (1.1 meq/g) and a very good water retention, due to the optimum level of load achieved, allowing a correct interaction between the Va2O5 and the polymer matrix, while the 0.5% loaded one showed better mechanical properties (maximum stress of 35.9 MPa, maximum deformation of 218.9%, Young's modulus of 135.4 MPa) and the FTIR tests confirmed the presence of Va2O5 in the polymer. These results demonstrate adequate characteristics of the prepared membranes to be used in fuel cells.

Styrene-ethylene-propylene-styrene (SEPS) block copolymer membranes for the separation of CO2 were synthesized and modified by sulfonation in the presence of diethanolamine (DEA) as a carrier molecule. To establish the influence on the transportation of gases trough the membrane, the water absorption and the CO2 solution, and the porosity on the membrane permeability, the effect of physicochemical properties such as water uptake content and porosity were analyzed. The SEPS-membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to elucidate the effects of modifications on the surface morphology. The membranes that were sulfonated in the presence of a carrier, showed the highest values for water absorption and porosity.

Proton exchange membranes were prepared by natural latex and vinyl acetate-ester acrylic for determining its use in a fuel cell. The time of sulfonation reaction of two and three hours were used, and the vanadium pentoxide was also used as load. Sulfonated and loaded membranes have highest values of water uptake and ionic exchange capacity, while membranes without load are more stables than loaded membranes. FTIR spectra analysis was carried out for determining the characteristic functional groups of the each membrane. Sulfonated membranes during three hours have the highest mechanical properties such as tensile stretch, and elongation.

The main objective of this project is to control the level of liquid in a systems of tanks in interacting mode using Xcos software for the process of learning of the course of process control. Initially, mathematical modeling in each tank was carried out by means of mass balances. After, it was identified the controlled and disturbance variables. Finally, the control system was simulated using Xcos software as didactic tool for the understanding of the study of strategies of control. Simulation of level control of tank 1 using integral proportional controller (PID) reached steady state faster than proportional (P) and proportional integral (PI) controllers. Also, it is observed that error and steady state time decrease with increasing the value of proportional gain for simulation using proportional controller. While, the number of oscillations and its overshoot increase with increasing the value of proportional gain. Also, the PID controller reacted to the step change in the set point of level with a good performance. Likewise, the PID controller acted very well against a step change in the output flow of the pump.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a green synthesis mechanism by using a natural extract as a reducing agent. The electrical properties of TiO2 thin films deposited by doctor blade method has been investigated by impedance spectroscopy study and analyzed as a function of bias, temperature and frequency. Impedance spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that TiO2 nanoparticles obtained by this mechanism have semiconducting behavior. Showing a decreased of resistance with the increase of bias voltage and temperature.

The sulfonation and incorporation of diethanolamine (DEA) in Styreneethylene-propylene-styrene (SEPS) block copolymer membranes affected the porosity and water uptake of polymer matrix. Changes in hydrophilicity of polymer were identified through contact angle that is related with the influence on the transportation of gases trough the membrane. The SEPS-membranes were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to elucidate the effects of modifications on the chemical structure. The membranes that were sulfonated for three hours without a carrier (3S 0C) possessed the lower angle contact, higher hydrophilicity, that was related with increase in the permeability and selectivity in other studies.