A Comparative analysis of practices obtained between the Pondok and Tsangaya with regard to traditional Islamic education and spirituality in Malaysia and Nigeria, indicates that, despite areas of similarity in origin and evolution, there exist a unique area of sharp contrast in relation to later life spirituality and elder care. The article maintains that, despite the two systems sharing wider similarities of originating from the traditional system of Arabic and Islamic education, the Pondok provides a complete platform for the spiritual life cycle, with opportunities for devotion from childhood to death. The Tsangaya on the other hand, covers childhood to early adulthood, thus, presenting a halfway approach to the spiritual life cycle. Recommendations were based on the need for the Tsangaya to model along aspects of the Pondok in a manner that will enable the incorporation of later life spiritual needs of the elderly. The purpose of this article is to carry out a comparative analysis of these two systems of traditional Islamic education , in relation to eldercare and spiritual wellbeing. The relevance of this paper lies in the fact that population aging is currently receiving attention as global crises, and issues of elderly wellbeing in all aspects are being explored towards addressing the needs of the elderly.
A renewed look at informal social protection may offer an effective option for addressing vulnerability among elderly Nigerians. This follows the need to overcome both current, and potential challenges in elder vulnerability, related to population aging. The main argument posed by this article is that, social protection in Nigeria has traditionally ignored the elderly, right from its colonial roots. Subsequent governments have also ignored the elderly in social policy, and social protection programmes. As a result, social vulnerability seems synonymous with old age among Nigerians. This article maintains that, as a phenomenon that requires attention, elderly vulnerability in relation to population aging, can be approached by strengthening informal social protection. Importantly, where necessary, a synergy should be innovated between formal and informal social protection systems. The framework for analysis was sourced from aging and modernization theory. The integration of these perspectives explains why formal social protection has rendered the elderly in Nigeria more vulnerable. The framework also justified the need for resorting to potentialities, within informal social protection. It was highlighted that, informal social protection can serve as an option for addressing elderly vulnerability, based on a subjective analysis of the wide range of traditional informal strategies available, within Nigerian communities. However, the analysis was limited to modernization theory, while a wider more comprehensive analysis could be attained by the integration of other theories
Studies on the nutritional status of adolescents in Dankande community of Kaduna metropolis were carried out. Adolescence is a period between 10 to 19 years of age. This period is a critical period where a healthy diet is needed for proper growth, development, academic performances and human capital development. A validated semi-structured questionnaire was used to assessed socio-demographic characteristic of the adolescent caregivers and dietary pattern of the adolescent while weight, height and BMI were used to assess the anthropometry indices of adolescent. 37.2% of adolescents were between age 10-14 years while 62.8% were between 15-19 years. Also, 5.1% of the adolescents were married, 88.5 were single and 6.4% windowed. (19.2%) of adolescents has no formal education, (2.6%) completed primary school, (29.5%) uncompleted primary school, (2.6%) completed Junior Secondary School, (19.2%) uncompleted Junior Secondary School, while (1.3%) completed Senior Secondary and (25.6%) did not complete Senior Secondary respectively. However, on average (35.9%) of adolescent were dieting and (64.1%) were not dieting while (32.1%) were concerned about their weight and (67.9%) were not concerned about their weight. Few adolescents were losing control of their weight (24.4%) while the majority had their weight in check (75.6%), they engaged in physical activity (85.9%), while many adolescents spent more than two hours per day watching tv/games (69.2%). 17.9% engage in smoking while (5.1%) are involved in drinking alcohol, beer or wine. The nutritional status of adolescents of Dankande community of Kaduna state (56.4%) is good when compared with the national average
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