Regardless of the absence of spinal deformities, vitamin C deprivation in adult-sized Clarias gariepinus challenged the physical integrity and survival of ®sh, inducing changes that greatly resembled those of ®ngerlings of other species. Vitamin C was presumed to be a dietary facilitator, which when deprived in the diet of C. gariepinus, would obstruct intestinal absorption of iron and/or impair its release from the reticulo-endothelial stores. This impaired erythrocyte synthesis led into anaemia (as indicated by lowered levels of red blood cells, haemoglobin and haematocrit). Leukopenia noted in ®sh on a scorbutic (lacking vitamin C) diet suggested functional depression of phagocytic engulfment with increased susceptibility to the deteriorating action of pathogenic agents. Changes in histology included hypertrophy, oedematous separation and telangiectasia of gill lamellae. Shrunken glomeruli, sloughed Bowman's capsules and tubular dilation and distortion were also shown. Shrunken hepatocytes and the occurrence of yellowish ceroid pigments were the concrete histopathological signs in liver. Vitamin C is thus suggested as a potent antioxidant that oers protection against oxidative damage to various ®sh tissues. KEY KEY WORDS

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