With expanding pediatric antiretroviral therapy access, children will begin to experience treatment failure and require second-line therapy. In resource-limited settings, treatment failure is often diagnosed based on the clinical or immunological criteria which occur way after the occurrence of virological failure. Previous limited studies have evaluated immunological and clinical failure without considering virological failure in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate time to first-line antiretroviral treatment failure and its predictors in Shashamene town health facilities with a focus on virological criteria. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted in three health facilities of Shashamene town, Oromia Regional State, from March 1 to 26, 2019. Children aged less than 15 years living with HIV/AIDS that were enrolled on ART between January 1, 2011, and December 30, 2015, in Shashamene town health facilities were the study population. Data were extracted using a checklist, entered into EpiData version 3.1, and exported to SPSS version 20 for data analysis. Cox proportional hazard regression was used to determine the predictors of time to first-line treatment failure. Result. The median survival time to virological failure was 30 months with IQR of 24.42 to 44.25. Baseline WHO stages 3 and 4 with AHR = 5.69 (95% CI: 2.07–15.66) and NVP-based NNRT at initial treatment with AHR = 2.72 (1.13–6.54) were the independent predictors of time to treatment failure. Conclusion. The median survival time of first-line antiretroviral treatment failure was moderate in the study area as compared to other studies. The incidence density of treatment failure in this study was low as compared to other studies. The finding also demonstrated that children treated with nevirapine-based nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors at initial and advanced WHO clinical stages at baseline were at higher risk of treatment failure.
Background Suicide is a major public health problem and for decades, it has remained one of the leading causes of injury and death worldwide. The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of suicidal behavior, suicidal ideation, and patterns among youth in the Anywaa zone of the Gambella regional state, Southwest Ethiopia. Methods and materials A mixed-method study design was used in which a quantitative survey was conducted along with qualitative interviews and FGDs in the Anywaa zone. A total of 136 respondents were included in the survey study from the two woredas. The survey was conducted to assess the prevalence of suicidal behavior and ideations in a sample of preparatory school youth students. A pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used for the descriptive analysis. Qualitative information was also obtained through interviews and focus group discussions to identify the patterns of suicide and to gain more nuanced participants/ survivors’ experiences. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20, for which descriptive statistics were used. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Suicidal behaviors and ideation were high among youths in the study area. In this study 62.3% of respondents reported they had heard others talk about their wish to die by suicide, 68 (64.2%) of youth said they had heard many youths claim that “I feel like there is no way out”, 48 (43.3%) reported having seen someone with the signs of planning a suicide such as obtaining a weapon or writing a suicide note. About 68 (64.2%) of participants said, “My family would be better off without me.” The majority of respondents were in the age groups ranging from 26 to 30 years. The results on the patterns of suicide attempts showed that hanging and drug overdose or poisoning were the most common patterns used by both men and women. Conclusion The findings indicate that the prevalence of suicide-related behaviors and ideations was high among youths in the Anywaa zone. The results on the patterns of suicide attempts showed that hanging and drug overdose or poisoning were the most common patterns used by both men and women. As a result, we would like to recommend that Government, Non-Governmental Organizations NGOs, and Faith-Based Organizations (FBOs), along with health care providers and counselors should work together by creating awareness, and by establishing Programs that target youths. Meanwhile, early identification and management of suicide risk in youth should be strengthened.
Background: Dracunculiasis or Guinea worm disease (GWD) was reported consistently as low level transmission, including few infections in animals in Southwest Ethiopia. Despite the aggressive implementation of eradication efforts in Ethiopia, there exist signs of re-emergence. Therefore, this study was aimed to present six GWD of human suspected cases in Gog District of Anywak Zone, Gambella Region,
Despite the availability of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, the quality of life (QOL) of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHIV) has continued to be affected. However, previous studies focused on the magnitude and clinical determinants which lacks behavioral and psychosocial factors of QOL. Thus, this study aimed to identify behavioral and psychosocial determinants of QOL among Adult PLWHIV on HARRT, in Public Hospitals of Jimma Zone, South West, Ethiopia, 2018. A cross-sectional study design was conducted in Public Hospitals of Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia from March 10 to April 10/2018. QOL of was measured using WHOQOL-HIV BREF instrument. A simple random sampling technique was employed to enroll study participants. A pretested interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Then, data were entered into Epi-Data version 3.1 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Bivariate and multiple variable logistic regression analyses were also performed. A total of 300 respondents were enrolled into the study yielding a response rate of 97.7%. The majority of respondents were from urban residence and between 35–44 years of age. About 47% of respondents have ever used substances, and 58.3% have obtained social support. Nearly 80% and 26.3% of the study participants were stigmatized and severely depressed. More than half of the study participants had good overall QoL with the highest domain QOL in level of independence and lowest in social relations. Factors associated with poor physical health include being government employee AOR 0.33 95%CI (0.15, 0.69), from private business AOR 0.33 95%CI (0.14, 0.79), being 1st wealth quintile AOR 2.44 95%CI (1.16, 5.14), and not obtaining financial support AOR 4.27 95%CI (1.94, 9.42). Lower wealth index has been associated with almost all domain scores of poor QOL except spiritual domain. More than half of the respondents had good overall QoL with the highest domain score in level of independence and lowest in social relations domain. Several factors have contributed to poor domain QOL of PLWHIV. Therefore, it will become all the most important to develop effective strategies, policies and programs targeting people living with HIV. Emphasis should be given to the socio-economic factors that affect their QOL on HAART. Professional counseling and guidance with life skill packages should be strengthened to cope up with adverse behavioral factors. Finally, psychosocial support should be provided from all responsible bodies.
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