The steady state heat transfer characteristics under internal forced convection of liquid methane were experimentally investigated using a rectangular channel with a cross section of 1.8 mm x 4.1 mm and square channels with a cross section of 3.2 mm x 3.2 mm; three square channels had surface finishes typical of milled channels and another three square channels had internal longitudinal fins. A High Heat Flux Test Facility (HHFTF) capable of handling cryogenic temperatures that was developed at the Center for Space Exploration Technology Research (cSETR) for the purpose of simulating the high heat load conditions representative of regeneratively cooled rocket engines was used in this study. For the rectangular channel, Reynolds numbers ranged between 68,000 and 131,000, while the Nusselt numbers were between 40 and 325. For the rough channels, Reynolds numbers ranged from 82,000 to 131,000, and Nusselt numbers were between 65 and 810. The longitudinally finned channels had Reynolds numbers ranging from 50,000 to 128,000, and Nusselt numbers between 70 and 510. Sub-cooled film-boiling phenomena were discovered for all the channels presented in this study. Film-boiling onset at Critical Heat Flux (CHF) was correlated to the Boiling Number, Bo ~0.1. Convective Nusselt number follows predicted trends for Reynolds number with a wall temperature correction for both the boiling and non-boiling regimes. NomenclatureA w = Test section coolant channel wall surface area, m 2 A c = Test section coolant channel cross-sectional area, m 2 Bo = Boiling number C p = Isobaric heat capacity, kJ/kg-K D hyd = Hydraulic diameter, m h = Convection coefficient, kW/m 2 -K i fg = Fluid heat of vaporization, kJ/kg k = Fluid conduction coefficient, W/m-K ̇ = Mass flow rate, kg/s Nu D = Nusselt number based on hydraulic diameter P avg = Fluid test article average pressure, MPa 2 P in = Fluid test article inlet pressure, MPa P out = Fluid test article outlet pressure, MPa Q = Total heat transfer, kW q" = Heat flux, kW/m 2 R a = Arithmetic mean value scale, microns Re = Reynolds number T b = Average fluid bulk temperature, K T in = Fluid test article inlet temperature, K T out = Fluid test article outlet temperature, K T sat = Fluid saturation temperature, K T w = Wall temperature, K v = Fluid bulk velocity, m/s x = Fluid quality, x < 0 for sub-cooling z crit = Critical length of tube to reach critical heat flux, m ΔT = Fluid inlet/outlet temperature difference, K = Fluid viscosity, Pa-s = Fluid density, kg/m 3
The steady-state heat transfer characteristics under internal forced convection of liquid methane were experimentally investigated using a rectangular channel with a cross section of 1.8 × 4.1 mm and square channels with a cross section of 3.2 × 3.2 mm; three square channels had surface finishes typical of milled channels and another three square channels had internal longitudinal fins. A high heat flux test facility capable of handling cryogenic temperatures, which was developed at the Center for Space Exploration Technology Research for the purpose of simulating the high heat load conditions, representative of regeneratively cooled rocket engines, was used in this study. Subcooled film-boiling phenomena were discovered for all the channels presented in this study. Film-boiling onset at critical heat flux was correlated to the boiling number Bo ∼ 0.1. The convective Nusselt number follows predicted trends for Reynolds number with a wall temperature correction for both the boiling and nonboiling regimes.Nomenclature A c = test section coolant channel cross-sectional area, m 2 A w = test section coolant channel wall surface area, m 2 Bo = boiling number C p = isobaric heat capacity, kJ∕kg · K D hyd = hydraulic diameter, m h = convection coefficient, kW∕m 2 · K i fg = fluid heat of vaporization, kJ∕kg k = fluid conduction coefficient, W∕m · K _ m = mass flow rate, kg∕s Nu D = Nusselt number based on hydraulic diameter P av = fluid test article average pressure, MPa P in = fluid test article inlet pressure, MPa P out = fluid test article outlet pressure, MPa Q = total heat transfer, kW q 0 0 = heat flux, kW∕m 2 R a = arithmetic mean value scale, μm Re = Reynolds number T b = average fluid bulk temperature, K T in = fluid test article inlet temperature, K T out = fluid test article outlet temperature, K T sat = fluid saturation temperature, K T w = wall temperature, K v = fluid bulk velocity, m∕s x = fluid quality, where x is less than zero for subcooling z crit = critical length of tube to reach critical heat flux, m ΔT = fluid inlet/outlet temperature difference, K μ = fluid viscosity, Pa · s ρ = luid density, kg∕m 3
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