The ability to program collective cell migration can allow us to control critical multicellular processes in development, regenerative medicine, and invasive disease. However, while various technologies exist to make individual cells migrate, translating these tools to control myriad, collectively interacting cells within a single tissue poses many challenges. For instance, do cells within the same tissue interpret a global migration ‘command’ differently based on where they are in the tissue? Similarly, since no stimulus is permanent, what are the long-term effects of transient commands on collective cell dynamics? We investigate these questions by bioelectrically programming large epithelial tissues to globally migrate ‘rightward’ via electrotaxis. Tissues clearly developed distinct rear, middle, side, and front responses to a single global migration stimulus. Furthermore, at no point poststimulation did tissues return to their prestimulation behavior, instead equilibrating to a 3rd, new migratory state. These unique dynamics suggested that programmed migration resets tissue mechanical state, which was confirmed by transient chemical disruption of cell–cell junctions, analysis of strain wave propagation patterns, and quantification of cellular crowd dynamics. Overall, this work demonstrates how externally driving the collective migration of a tissue can reprogram baseline cell–cell interactions and collective dynamics, even well beyond the end of the global migratory cue, and emphasizes the importance of considering the supracellular context of tissues and other collectives when attempting to program crowd behaviors.

Tissues do not exist in isolation—they interact with other tissues within and across organs. While cell-cell interactions have been intensely investigated, less is known about tissue-tissue interactions. Here, we studied collisions between monolayer tissues with different geometries, cell densities, and cell types. First, we determine rules for tissue shape changes during binary collisions and describe complex cell migration at tri-tissue boundaries. Next, we propose that genetically identical tissues displace each other based on pressure gradients, which are directly linked to gradients in cell density. We present a physical model of tissue interactions that allows us to estimate the bulk modulus of the tissues from collision dynamics. Finally, we introduce TissEllate, a design tool for self-assembling complex tessellations from arrays of many tissues, and we use cell sheet engineering techniques to transfer these composite tissues like cellular films. Overall, our work provides insight into the mechanics of tissue collisions, harnessing them to engineer tissue composites as designable living materials.

Aligned fibers of extracellular matrix (ECM) affect the direction, efficiency, and persistence of migrating cells. To uncover the mechanisms by which multicellular tissues align their surrounding ECM before migration, we used an engineered three-dimensional culture model to investigate the dynamics of ECM alignment around tissues of defined geometry. Analysis of ECM alignment over time revealed that tissues rapidly reorganize their surrounding matrix, with a characteristic time that depends on the type of cell and the initial tissue geometry. We found that matrix metalloproteinase activity is not required for matrix alignment before cell migration. Instead, alignment is driven by Rho-mediated cytoskeletal contractility and accelerated by propagation of tension through intercellular adhesions. Our data suggest that multicellular tissues align their surrounding matrix by pulling collectively to exert strain, which is primarily a physical process. Consistently, the pattern of matrix alignment depends on tissue geometry and the resulting distribution of mechanical strain, with asymmetric tissues generating a higher degree of matrix alignment along their longest axes. The rapid ability of multicellular tissues to physically remodel their matrix enables their constituent cells to migrate efficiently along aligned fibers and to quickly change their direction according to other microenvironmental cues, which is important for both normal and disease processes.

Patterns of proliferation are templated by both gradients of mechanical stress as well as by gradients in membrane voltage (Vm), which is defined as the electric potential difference between the cytoplasm and external medium. Either gradient could regulate the emergence of the other, or they could arise independently and synergistically affect proliferation within a tissue. Here, we examined the relationship between endogenous patterns of mechanical stress and the generation of bioelectric gradients in mammary epithelial tissues. We observed that the mechanical stress gradients in the tissues presaged gradients in both proliferation and depolarization, consistent with previous reports correlating depolarization with proliferation. Furthermore, disrupting the Vm gradient blocked the emergence of patterned proliferation. We found that the bioelectric gradient formed downstream of mechanical stresses within the tissues and depended on Cx43 hemichannels, which opened preferentially in cells located in regions of high mechanical stress. Activation of Cx43 hemichannels was necessary for nuclear localization of Yap/Taz and induction of proliferation. Together, these results suggest that mechanotransduction triggers the formation of bioelectric gradients across a tissue, which are further translated into transcriptional changes that template patterns of growth.

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