In the present paper, a comprehensive framework for the strategic analysis of dynamic and complex environments at micro/macro levels with a subjective/objective approach is presented. The research method used in this chapter incorporated the epistemological foundations of critical realism and complexity theory with an inductive-deductive approach. The research has been done quantitatively-qualitatively using Delphi panel and network of experts (n = 241) and AHP method for selecting dimensions. Based on the results extracted, this framework has been obtained from the two “micro-macro” and “objective-subjective” levels and the four fragmented dimensions of micro-objective, micro-subjective, macro-objective, and macro-subjective, with three levels of analysis, so that strategic issues and key challenges can be better recognized and the integrated scanning can be performed purposefully and intelligently by professional organizations consisting of multidisciplinary specialties.
The fact that the emergence, popularity, widespread accessibility, and extensive utilization of digital technologies has revolutionized life in the early third millennium goes without saying. It is also not news to anyone that digitalization has managed to sneak into each and every aspect of modern life, and in one way or another, influence it. Admittedly, society and culture are no exception to this, and given these two components cover various aspects of individuals' lives, probing the whats, whys, and hows of digitalization impacts on the seems to be genuinely crucial. To this end, the present study explored different layers and facets of these impacts in three classes of nations. In developed nations, how digital technologies shadowed tourism, cultural diplomacy, values, communication and interactions, digital media, and preservation of culture were discussed. For developing nations, smart technologies and government services, expansion of education, booming of tourism, delivery of indigenous knowledge, and value system in cultural communities were probed.
After Shane’s seminal work in 2000 which highlighted the importance of entrepreneurial opportunities, the number of studies focusing on entrepreneurial opportunity increased rapidly. Different definitions of this concept were provided in the field, ranging from subjective to objective ones, which gave rise to a lack of consensus among researchers and this, in turn, was an obstacle that slowed down theorizing in entrepreneurship. Taking into account the past trends in management sciences, it seems to be the right moment to re-conceptualize the core construct of opportunity. The major critique of existing definitions is their operationalization. To provide a better operationalization, the present study aimed to offer a more accurate conceptual definition. To this end, the study first examined current debates on opportunity, which revealed the major problem causing the debates. Then, through a systematic literature review, from among more than seven thousand documents in the Scopus database containing opportunity keywords, 74 papers were selected following different phases of filtration. The papers were analyzed in detail to extract different constructs. Then, using the framework of Hansen et al, they were classified along six dimensions. The concepts under each dimension were examined to finally provide a bigger picture of the construct of opportunity and offer a re-conceptualization. The results of this study highlight the gaps for future research and pave the ground for other systematic literature reviews in the field.
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